Temperature and Salt Effects on the Liquid–Liquid Equilibrium of the Water + Cyclopentanone + (Propan-2-yl) Benzene System

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The chemical system of water + acetic acid + kerosene is frequently used in different liquid–liquid extraction studies. Accordingly, a comprehensive knowledge about this system is essential. The present study reports the capabilities of kerosene in extracting acetic acid from aqueous solutions at conventional temperatures of 293.2, 298.2, and 308.2 K and under an ambient pressure of 81.5 kPa. The cloud point method and refractive index measurement were employed in experiments. The distribution coefficient of the solute was within (0.0536–0.1161) and the important separation factor was within (5.07–82.84). The upper limit values in the ranges of the latter parameter were 1.36–8.80 times of those with other solvents. The distribution coefficient increased with temperature, but the separation factor diminished. The provided data were reproduced with the nonrandom two-liquid and universal quasichemical activity coefficient models, and the corresponding binary interactions were determined at each temperature. In this regard, a surrogate of kerosene, consisting of 80 wt % n-decane and 20 wt % 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, was considered. The root mean square deviations of, respectively, (0.0035–0.0057) and (0.0056–0.0067) and also other criteria revealed good agreements between experimental and predicted values.

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The well-known cloud point method and refractometry were used for determining the components of mass fraction in each aqueous/organic phase . At the first step, a miniature cell surrounded by a jacket and with a magnetic stirrer inside was used.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Liquid–Liquid Equilibrium Study of the Water + Acetic Acid + Kerosene Ternary System at 293.2, 298.2, and 308.2 K

Jafari

Saien

2021

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“…For the convenience of designing and optimizing the liquid–liquid extraction process, it is necessary to represent the phase equilibrium relationship in a concise way, for which the NRTL thermodynamic model can be available. Compared with the e-NRTL activity coefficient model, the classical NRTL model can also achieve satisfactory results for correlating the LLE of the salt-containing system and is more convenient. ,− Therefore, the classical NRTL model was applied in this work to correlate the experimental LLE data.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Salt Effect on the Liquid–Liquid Equilibria for the Ternary System Water + N,N-Dimethylformamide (DMF) + Chloroform

Wang

et al. 2021

Wastewater containing DMF (N,N-dimethylformamide) and salt is generated in production of many chemicals and medicines. The composition of phase equilibrium should be known primarily for the recovery of DMF from salt-containing wastewater by solvent extraction. In this study, liquid–liquid equilibrium (LLE) and solubility data of water + DMF + chloroform in the presence of NaCl with various concentrations of 0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0, and 13.3 wt % and Na2SO4 with concentrations of 1.5 and 2.5 wt % were determined at T = 298.2 K and atmospheric pressure. Besides, the salt effect on the LLE data was investigated. Compared with the salt-free system, the salt led to an enhancement in the maximum DMF distribution coefficient by 13.4–102.6% for 2.5–13.3 wt % NaCl and 16.2–31.7% for 1.5–2.5 wt % Na2SO4, respectively. Since the distribution coefficient of water increased concurrently, the separation factor barely changed and the two-phase region expanded outward slightly. At the same salt mass fraction, the order of salting-out effect strength on extraction was Na2SO4 > NaCl, which was in good agreement with the Hofmeister series. The reliability of the experimental values was verified through the Eisen–Joffe equation. The NRTL thermodynamic model was applied to correlate the experimental data with a root-mean-square deviation less than 0.0062. The coherent consistency of the model parameters for the salt-free system was checked by topological analysis based on the Gibbs tangent plane test.

“…The concentration of components in each phase was determined using the cloud-point titration method based on refractive index ( n d ) measurements . For this purpose, the relationship between refractive index and solute concentration, as calibration curves, has to be established for each salt concentration.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The concentration of components in each phase was determined using the cloud-point titration method based on refractive index (n d ) measurements. 23 For this purpose, the relationship between refractive index and solute concentration, as calibration curves, has to be established for each salt concentration. In this regard, the utilized apparatus included a jacketed miniature cell and a magnetic stirrer along with a circulation of constant temperature water from a thermostat (Julabo, Germany).…”

Section: Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental and Modeling Study for the Salting-Out Extraction of Acetic Acid from Aqueous Solutions with Kerosene

Jafari

Saien

2022

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The outstanding salting-out effect on the liquid–liquid equilibrium of water + acetic acid + kerosene was studied at a temperature of T = 298.2 K and under the ambient pressure of p = 81.5 kPa. The importance of this study relates to the kerosene availability around the world and that water sources are salty in most cases. The results revealed that the recovery of acetic acid from aqueous solutions was considerably boosted with 0.005 and 0.010 mass fractions of NaCl, Na2SO4, and MgSO4. The separation factors with the maximum enhancements of 81.62, 158.43, and 287.74%, respectively, were achieved with the salts under the used higher concentration. Consistent with the Hofmeister series, the salting-out effect appeared in the order of MgSO4 > Na2SO4 > NaCl. Meanwhile, the validity of the experimental data was confirmed based on the Eisen–Joffe equation. By considering a surrogate mixture for kerosene, composed of 80 wt % n-decane and 20 wt % 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, the thermodynamic models of NRTL and UNIQUAC were used to correlate the data. Excellent agreements between the experimental and predicted values were found with very low maximum root mean square deviations of 0.0062 and 0.0068 for the models, respectively.