Temperature and nitrogen effects on regulators and products of the flavonoid pathway: experimental and kinetic model studies

Abstract

The flavonoid pathway is known to be up-regulated by different environmental stress factors. Down-regulation of the pathway is much less studied and is emphasized in the present work. Flavonoid accumulation was induced by exposing plants for 1 week to nitrogen depletion at 10°C, giving high levels of anthocyanins and 3-glucoside-7-rhamnosides, 3,7-di-rhamnosides and 3-rutinoside-7-rhamnosides of kaempferol and quercetin. Flavonol accumulation as influenced by temperatures and nitrogen supply was not related to the glycosylation patterns but to the classification as quercetin and kaempferol. When nitrogen was re-supplied, transcripts for main regulators of the pathway, PAP1/GL3 and PAP2/MYB12, fell to less than 1 and 0.1% of initial values, respectively, during 24 h in the 15-30°C temperature range. Anthocyanins showed a half-life of approximately 1 d, while the degradation of flavonols was much slower. Interestingly, the initial fluxes of anthocyanin and flavonol degradations were found to be temperature-independent. A kinetic model for the flavonoid pathway was constructed. In order to get the observed concentration-temperature profiles as well as the temperature compensation in the flavonoid degradation flux, the model predicts that the flavonoid pathway shows an increased temperature sensitivity at the end of the pathway, where the up-regulation by PAP/GL3 has been found to be largest.

Role of Temperature and Soil Moisture Conditions on Flavonoid Production and Biosynthesis-Related Genes in Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba L.) Leaves

“…Similar observation was made in maize (Zea mays) where seedlings growing under short-term, low-temperature treatment showed substantial changes in anthocyanin content [4]. Modeling flavonoid biosynthesis and degradation indicated that they are sensitive to temperature [24]. Conversely, the role of soil moisture on flavonoid content in plants did not produce uniform results.…”

“…The metabolism of flavonoids follows a complex pathway, and some environmental factors such as temperature, water status, light condition, and nitrogen all have been demonstrated to affect flavonoids accumulation [22][23][24][25]. The present study demonstrated that lower temperature and to a lesser extent lower soil moisture content is favourable to flavonoid accumulation in Ginkgo leaves, and more specifically W2T1 and W3T1 treatments produced the highest total flavonoid content (Table 3).…”

Flavonoid profiling and nodulation of some legumes in response to the allelopathic stress of Sonchus oleraceus L.

“…Flavonoid biosynthesis is typically induced in response to both biotic and abiotic stressors (Abdel-Farid et al 2009;Olsen et al 2009), and while much is known, the profiling of flavonoids in response to allelopathy is still largely lacking.…”

Different ROS-Scavenging Properties of Flavonoids Determine Their Abilities to Extend Shelf Life of Tomato

“…S3B). F3959H is a P450 enzyme that catalyzes the addition of -OH groups to the C-39 and 59 positions on the B-ring of flavonoids (Holton et al, 1993;Olsen et al, 2009). When F3959H expression was induced, flavonoids with three -OH groups on the B-ring were produced.…”