Temperature and electron density in femtosecond filament-induced Cu plasma

Abstract

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), which is also known as laser-induced plasma spectroscopy (LIPS), is a very promising spectral analysis technique for detecting elemental composition. The possibility of remote operation of LIBS is one of the properties, which expands the application scope of this technique. The remote LIBS technique is based on a long-range lens. With the increase of focusing distance, it is difficult to tightly focus laser pulse due to the diffraction limits. The size of focusing spot increases with focusing distance increasing. This will require extremely high laser energy. Femtosecond laser filamentation due to optical Kerr effect can be applied to the remote LIBS. During the filament propagation, the waist of laser beam is close to a constant value. The laser intensity inside the filament is about 1013 W/cm2 (intensity clamping). The intensity is sufficient to ablate sample and produce the plasma. It can overcome the influence of the diffraction limit in nanosecond LIBS. Although many researchers have studied the femtosecond geometrical focusing and femtosecond filamentation LIBSs, the spectral characteristics have not been completely understood. In this paper, we study the femtosecond laser filament-induced Cu plasma spectroscopy. Femtosecond laser system is an ultrafast Ti:sapphire amplifier (Coherent Libra). The full-width at the half maximum is 50 fs at a wavelength of 800 nm with a repetition rate of 1 kHz and its output energy is 3.5 mJ. A quartz lens with a focal length of 1 m is used to focus the laser to generate a filament channel. The spectral intensity of produced Cu plasma along the filament channel is measured by using the optical emission spectroscopy, and the distribution of Cu(I) intensity versus the distance between sample and focused lens is obtained. The results indicate that in a longer distance range along the filament, plasma spectroscopy has stronger emission due to the intensity clamping effect in femtosecond laser filamentation. In addition, we also calculate the plasma temperature and electron density by using the Boltzmann plot and the Stark broadening. The plasma temperature and electron density along the filament channel can be divided into three main regions: region 1) from 950 mm to 970 mm, in which the plasma temperature and electron density increase with the increase of distance; region 2) from 970 mm to 1030 mm, in which the change of plasma excitation temperature is opposite to the change of electron density; region 3) from 1030 mm to 1050 mm, in which the plasma temperature and electron density decrease with the increase of distance.

Effect of lens focusing distance on laser-induced silicon plasmas at different sample temperatures

“…N [48]. Note that the plasma's temperature increases significantly with the increase in sample temperature in figure 7(a).…”

Femtosecond laser-induced Cu plasma spectra at different laser polarizations and sample temperatures

“…The Cu atomic lines at 510.55 nm, 515.32 nm, and 521.82 nm can guarantee the calculation results. [42,43] The parameters involved in Eq. ( 1) can be found in Table 1.…”

Influence of target temperature on AlO emission of femtosecond laser-induced Al plasmas

“…Samuels et al used LIBS to study bacterial spores, molds, and pollens [20], finding that the bacterial spores and the molds and pollens could be discriminated by LIBS. However, as compared to traditional LIBS with a nanosecond pulse laser, LIBS studies employing a femtosecond pulsed laser have shown some advantages for exploring LIBS analysis [21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28]. There are considerable physical differences between a nanosecond pulse and a femtosecond pulse for laser ablation of samples.…”

“…The femtosecond laser presents a good advantage for molecular detection in LIBS [21][22][23][24][25][26][27]. In order to improve the sensitivity and practicability of femtosecond LIBS detection of molecules, it is necessary to increase the molecular emission intensity of femtosecond LIBS.…”