Temperament in the prediction of proximal versus distal expectancies: An acquired preparedness model.

Abstract

In the acquired preparedness model of risk, alcohol expectancies mediate the association between personality and alcohol problems. In the current study, we tested the associations between temperament (i.e., effortful control and reactivity) and temperament-congruent expectancies of distal and proximal effects. It was hypothesized that effortful control would be inversely associated with drinking and problems and that these effects would be mediated through consequence expectancies. Alternatively, it was hypothesized that reactivity would be positively associated with drinking and problems and that these effects would be mediated by expectancies of immediate stimulation and attenuated sedation. This article presents data from a multiple group analyses with 483 young adults (76% female) from a university in the Midwest (n = 209) and Amazon’s Mechanical Turk (n = 274). The hypotheses were partially supported. Reactivity was associated with expectancies of stimulation, which were associated with increased weekly drinking and problems. Reactivity was associated with increased weekly drinking and problems and this association was partially indirect through stimulating expectancies. Reactivity did not significantly predict sedating expectancies. The indirect effects from effortful control through consequence expectancies were not significant. There were curvilinear effects from consequence expectancies to drinking and problems. Specifically, the effect from consequence expectancies to drinking and problems was positive at low levels of expectancies, but became negative and significant at mean levels and above. Results of the invariance testing indicated that the model manifested similarly across university and MTurk respondents. These implications are discussed.

Pathways of personality and learning risk for addictive behaviors: A systematic review of mediational research on the acquired preparedness model

“…Twenty‐one studies in total have examined these relations, with each finding some evidence of a mediated link between an impulsive trait and alcohol use or problems via alcohol expectancies. This literature consists of 15 cross‐sectional studies (Anderson et al, 2003; Banks & Zapolski, 2017; Coskunpinar & Cyders, 2012; Heath et al, 2019; Kazemi et al, 2014; Marks, 2007; McCarthy, Kroll, & Smith, 2001; McCarthy, Miller, et al, 2001; Mezquita et al, 2015; Morris, 2016; Peterson et al, 2018; Staszkow, 2013; Treloar et al, 2012; Vangsness et al, 2005; Wardell et al, 2015) and six longitudinal studies (Corbin et al, 2011; Fu et al, 2007; Han, 2010; Park et al, 2014; Settles et al, 2010; Wardell et al, 2012). All six of the longitudinal studies found a mediated effect of extraversion or neuroticism on drinking levels through positive expectancies.…”

Affect and drinking behavior: Moderating effects of involuntary attention to emotion and distress tolerance.

“…However, there were differences between the samples in the relationships between enhancement motives to alcohol consumption and distress tolerance to coping motives. While MTurk has been supported as a source for high-quality self-report data on alcohol use (Kim & Hodgins, 2017), there are differences in drinking relationships between MTurk and university samples (Marks, Simons, Simons, & Freeman, 2019). Sample differences in the strength of the relationship between enhancement motives and alcohol consumption are consistent with the collegiate culture of “celebratory” drinking (Mohr et al, 2005).…”

Cognitions mediate the influence of personality on adolescent cannabis use initiation

“…The development of substance-related problems may then be acquired when the impulsive trait interacts with specific substance-related learning ( Smith & Anderson, 2001 ). In more recent studies, the APM has been extended to examine the role of temperament ( Marks et al, 2020 ) and sensation seeking ( Gunn & Smith, 2010 ) in the alcohol use of young adolescents and young adults.…”