Tembusu Virus in Ducks, China

Cao, Zhenzhen; Zhang, Cun; Liu, Yuehuan; Ye, Weicheng; Han, Jie; Ma, Guoming; Zhang, Dongdong; Xu, Feng; Gao, Xu-Hui; Tang, Yi; Shi, Shaohua; Wan, Chunhe; Zhang, Chen; He, Bin; Yang, Mengjie; Lu, Xinhao; Huang, Yu; Diao, Youxiang; Ma, Xuejun; Zhang, Dabing

doi:10.3201/eid1710.101890

Cited by 203 publications

(193 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…n April 2010, a novel Tembusu virus (TMUV)-associated disease, characterized by retarded growth, high fever, loss of appetite, decline in egg production, and death, emerged in ducks in China (1)(2)(3)(4)(5). Since then, TMUV has continuously infected ducks and caused significant economic loss in China.…”

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Airborne Transmission of a Novel Tembusu Virus in Ducks

Shi

Liu

et al. 2015

J Clin Microbiol

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The routes of transmission of a newly emerged Tembusu virus (TMUV, Flavivirus) in ducks in China remain unclear. Our epidemiological data show that TMUV is spread in winter, when mosquitos are inactive, which suggests that nonvector transmission routes are involved in the spread of TMUV. Furthermore, in vivo studies indicate that TMUV can be transmitted efficiently among ducks by both direct contact and aerosol transmission. This finding has important implications for the control of infection with this novel TMUV in the field. In April 2010, a novel Tembusu virus (TMUV)-associated disease, characterized by retarded growth, high fever, loss of appetite, decline in egg production, and death, emerged in ducks in China (1-5). Since then, TMUV has continuously infected ducks and caused significant economic loss in China. TMUV is a member of the Ntaya virus group in the genus Flavivirus of the family Flaviviridae (6, 7). TMUV was first isolated from mosquitoes in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, in 1955; since then, TMUV has been isolated from Culex species mosquitos in Malaysia and Thailand (6, 7). However, the natural reservoir, transmission route, and epidemic situation of TMUV in China remain unclear. To better understand the prevalence and potential transmission route of TMUV in China, we conducted active surveillance of TMUV in ducks at different time points in China.A total of 1,200 serum samples were collected randomly from 53 duck farms in Shandong and Hebei Provinces. Samples were collected from 27-to 380-day-old ducks from 25 farms in the fall (October to December 2011) and 53 farms in the late winter (February and March 2012), respectively. The farms investigated in winter included all of the fall sites (except one farm in Laiwu) (see Fig. S1 in the supplemental material). The presence of TMUVspecific antibody was determined by a blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based on monoclonal antibody (MAb) 1F5, which is a neutralizing MAb that binds specifically to the E protein of TMUV. A blocking ELISA based on this MAb was developed for the detection of neutralization-related antibodies against TMUV (8). TMUV antibody titers are expressed as percent inhibition (PI) of blocking of MAb 1F5 at a test serum dilution of 1:10. The selected cutoff PI value for positive serum was 18.4%. All serum samples were prepared and tested as described previously (8). In October and December 2011, only 11.8% of the farms investigated (2/17) were TMUV seropositive in Shandong Province, and none of the 8 farms investigated in Hebei Province were seropositive (Fig. 1A). Surprisingly, 3 to 4 months later (February and March 2012), 53.7% (22/41) and 50.0% (6/12) of the farms investigated in Shandong and Hebei Provinces became TMUV seropositive. During October and December 2011, the mean rates of seropositivity of the serum samples collected were 11.7 and 0% in Shandong and Hebei Provinces, respectively, which increased to 41.0 and 54.5% during February and March 2012. At most (78.1%) of the TMUV-positive farms, the seropositivi...

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Airborne Transmission of a Novel Tembusu Virus in Ducks

Shi

Liu

et al. 2015

J Clin Microbiol

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“…24 Despite TMUV not being recognized as causing disease in humans (or poultry in Thailand, although TMUV was isolated from ducks from Thailand), TMUV has had a significant impact on the duck industry in China (first recognized in April of 2010), with reports of an approximately 90% drop in egg production and 5-30% mortality in the birds. 9,11,25 Phylogenetic analysis of the TMUV strains isolated from the Thai ducks and mosquitoes indicates that they are closely related to the duck TMUV from China and may be causing an unrecognized morbidity and mortality in Thailand in wild birds and poultry, because infection of leghorn chicks with TMUV strain Thai-MLO305 caused growth retardation and death in young chickens. This effect was also noted previously for Sitiawan virus (a strain of TMUV, although it was originally named differently) and its consequence on broiler chicks.…”

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Field Detection of Tembusu Virus in Western Thailand by RT-PCR and Vector Competence Determination of Select Culex Mosquitoes for Transmission of the Virus

O’Guinn¹,

Turell²,

Kengluecha³

et al. 2013

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. Tembusu virus (TMUV; Ntaya serocomplex) was detected in two pools of mosquitoes captured near Sangkhlaburi, Thailand, as well as from sera from sentinel ducks from the same area. Although TMUV has been isolated from several mosquito species in Asia, no studies have ever shown competent vectors for this virus. Therefore, we allowed mosquitoes captured near Sangkhlaburi to feed on young chickens that had been infected with TMUV. These mosquitoes were tested approximately 2 weeks later to determine infection, dissemination, and transmission rates. Culex vishnui developed high viral titers after feeding on TMUV-infected chicks and readily transmitted virus to naïve chickens. In contrast, Cx. fuscocephala seemed less susceptible to infection, and more importantly, zero of five fuscocephala with a disseminated infection transmitted virus by bite, indicating a salivary gland barrier. These results provide evidence for the involvement of Culex mosquitoes in the transmission of TMUV in the environment.

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“…All of Koch's postulates were fulfilled, including duck trials. The isolated virus is considered to belong to a new genotype of tembusu virus (TMUV) and was designated duck TMUV (DTMUV) (1).…”

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Complete Genome Sequence of a Novel Flavivirus, Duck Tembusu Virus, Isolated from Ducks and Geese in China

Yun

Zhang

et al. 2012

J Virol

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cDuck tembusu virus (DTMUV) is an emerging agent that causes a severe disease in ducks. We report herein the first complete genome sequences of duck tembusu virus strains YY5, ZJ-407, and GH-2, isolated from Shaoxing ducks, breeder ducks, and geese, respectively, in China. The genomes of YY5, ZJ-407, and GH-2 are all 10,990 nucleotides (nt) in length and encode a putative polyprotein of 3,426 amino acids. It is flanked by a 5= and a 3= noncoding region (NCR) of 94 and 618 nt, respectively. Knowledge of the whole sequence of DTMUV will be useful for further studies of the mechanisms of virus replication and pathogenesis. In 2010, a novel infectious agent emerged in China and caused extensive epidemics in egg-laying and breeder ducks. The affected ducks showed a severe drop in egg production and paralysis. We isolated the causative agent, a virus, from affected ducks and determined the partial genome sequence. All of Koch's postulates were fulfilled, including duck trials. The isolated virus is considered to belong to a new genotype of tembusu virus (TMUV) and was designated duck TMUV (DTMUV) (1).To date, the complete genome sequence of DTMUV has not been reported. To provide more information about DTMUV, we determined the entire genome sequences of two duck-origin isolates (YY5 and ZJ-407) and a goose-origin isolate (GH-2).The 5= and 3= ends of the genomes were amplified using 5= and 3= rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) strategies (5). Based on partial genomic sequences obtained (1), the remainder of the sequences were generated by five overlapping cDNA fragments covering each of the entire genomes and were sequenced using an Applied Biosystems (ABI) 3730xl DNA analyzer. Overlapping consensus sequences were assembled using the SeqMan II programs to generate contiguous full-genome sequences.The complete genomes of the three DTMUV strains are 10,990 nucleotides (nt) in length, with an open reading frame (ORF) extending from nt 95 to 10,278 that encodes a putative polyprotein of 3,426 amino acids (aa). Aligning the sequence of the polyprotein with those of other mosquito-borne flaviviruses, we observed the highest aa similarity with those of Bagaza virus (BAGV; 82%), St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV; 66%), Ilheus virus (ILHV; 63.7%), West Nile virus (WNV; 63.4%), and Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV; 63.3%). Like that of other mosquitoborne flaviviruses, the polyprotein of DTMUV is processed into three structural proteins and seven nonstructural proteins by the viral or host cell proteases.We analyzed the secondary structures and cyclization between the 5= and 3= noncoding regions (NCRs) of DTMUV the mfold program of Zuker et al. (6). The predicted results showed that the folding pattern of the three DTMUVs was similar to those of other mosquito-borne flaviviruses (2, 3, 4). The organization of conserved sequences (CS) of 3= NCRs is RCS3-CS3-RCS2-CS2-CS1 for DTMUV, which is the same as that of the JEV subgroup but different from that of Ntaya subgroup members BAGV and ILHV, in which there is no RCS2 or RCS3,...

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Tembusu Virus in Ducks, China

Cited by 203 publications

References 8 publications

Airborne Transmission of a Novel Tembusu Virus in Ducks

Airborne Transmission of a Novel Tembusu Virus in Ducks

Field Detection of Tembusu Virus in Western Thailand by RT-PCR and Vector Competence Determination of Select Culex Mosquitoes for Transmission of the Virus

Complete Genome Sequence of a Novel Flavivirus, Duck Tembusu Virus, Isolated from Ducks and Geese in China

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