Teeth, jaws and muscles in mammalian mastication.

Popowics, Tracy; Herring, Susan W.; Bels, Vincent

doi:10.1079/9781845930639.0061

Cited by 30 publications

(56 citation statements)

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“…Second, during the weaning process, changes in musculature, bones, and teeth occur that are required for piglets to adapt to independent feeding (Herring and Wineski, 1986;Tucker and Widowski, 2009). It can be speculated that the larger pellets might be easier to handle and ingest because of the immature jaw musculature and oral movements of young piglets (see Herring and Wineski, 1986;German et al, 2006;Popowics and Herring, 2006). Moreover, the chewing on the large pellets may have stimulated motor learning and potentially have facilitated teething.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of pellet diameter during and after lactation on feed intake of piglets pre- and postweaning1

Brand

Wamsteeker

Oostindjer

et al. 2014

Journal of Animal Science

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Effects of 2 pellet diameters for piglets pre- and postweaning on feed intake, BW, and feed-related behavior were studied in 3 experiments. In Exp. 1, 19 litters were provided with pellets of 2 and 12 mm in diameter in a choice-feeding setup from d 4 of lactation onward. From d 4 to 18, piglets preferred the 12-mm diameter pellet over the 2-mm diameter pellet (519 vs. 168 g/pen; P < 0.001). In Exp. 2, 39 litters were provided with creep feed of either 2- or 10-mm diameter pellets. Feed intake from d 3 to 17 was higher in litters provided the 10-mm diameter pellet than the 2-mm diameter pellet (1,752 vs. 1,101 g/pen; P < 0.001). Piglet BW at weaning did not differ between treatments. Treatment × day of lactation interactions were found for time spent eating, interest in eating, and time spent suckling. Time spent eating and interest in eating increased with time. This increase was lower in the litters provided with the 10-mm diameter pellet. Time spent suckling remained the same in litters provided with 2-mm diameter pellets but decreased in time in litters provided the 10-mm diameter pellets. Experiment 3 was set up as a 2 × 2 factorial design with pellet diameter both pre- and postweaning as factors. During lactation, 18 litters were provided creep feed of either 2 or 12 mm in pellet diameter. At weaning, each litter was split into 2 comparable half litters and each half litter was provided with feed of 2 or 12 mm in diameter. Feed intake was higher in the 12-mm diameter pellet litters than in the 2-mm ones from d 4 to 11 of lactation (P < 0.01). Pellet diameter provided after weaning did not affect BW gain or feed intake. Piglets provided the 12-mm diameter pellet before weaning, however, had a higher BW gain (2,060 vs. 2,606 g/pig; P = 0.003) and feed intake (2,772 vs. 3,173 g/pig; P = 0.04) and a lower feed conversion ratio (P = 0.03) between d 0 and 10 after weaning than piglets provided the 2-mm diameter pellet before weaning. Postweaning pellet diameter had no effect on BW gain or feed intake. Behavior was not affected by pellet diameter pre- and postweaning. We conclude that young piglets (<18 d of age) prefer pellets with a large diameter compared to very small pellets, as currently used in practice. Feed intake and BW gain after weaning were higher in piglets provided with a large pellet diameter during lactation, possibly due to the higher creep feed intake in early lactation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of pellet diameter during and after lactation on feed intake of piglets pre- and postweaning1

Brand

Wamsteeker

Oostindjer

et al. 2014

Journal of Animal Science

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“…3B). These characteristic features in grazers depend on their much higher tooth crowns and, most probably, on their expanded masseter muscles (Popowics and Herring 2006; Clauss 2008).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The angular region is enlarged with a consequent reduction of the coronoid process. This provides an attachment for an expanded masseter (Radinsky 1985; Janis 1995; Popowics and Herring 2006; Clauss 2008). Morphological variation in ungulate mandibles has usually been linked to adaptation to particular feeding habits (Gordon and Illius 1988; Solounias and Dawson‐Saunders 1988; Solounias et al 1988; Janis 1990; Solounias and Moelleken 1993; Janis 1995; Solounias et al 1995; Pérez‐Barberia and Gordon 1999; MacFadden 2000; Pérez‐Barberia and Gordon 2001; Williams and Kay 2001; Mendoza et al 2002; Mendoza and Palmqvist 2007).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Shape of Contention: Adaptation, History, and Contingency in Ungulate Mandibles

et al. 2010

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“…Given their low tensile moduli [77][78][79][80], these thin layers of connective tissue most likely provide only small resistance to drill bit entry into and exit from the cortex compared to the bulk material of the cortex. Moreover, artificial femurs and other long bones from Sawbones do not have a surface lining.…”

Section: Journal Of Biomechanjcal Engineeringmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biomechanical Measurements of Surgical Drilling Force and Torque in Human Versus Artificial Femurs

MacAvelia¹,

Salahi

Olsen³

et al. 2012

Journal of Biomechanical Engineering

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Few experimental studies have examined surgical drilling in human bone, and no studies have inquired into this aspect for a popular commercially-available artificial bone used in biomechanical studies. Sixteen fresh-frozen human femurs and five artificial femurs were obtained. Cortical specimens were mounted into a clamping system equipped with a thrust force and torque transducer. Using a CNC machine, unicortical holes were drilled in each specimen at 1000 rpm, 1250 rpm, and 1500 rpm with a 3.2 mm diameter surgical drill bit. Feed rate was 120 mm/min. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Force at increasing spindle speed (1000 rpm, 1250 rpm, and 1500 rpm), respectively, showed a range for human femurs (198.4 ± 14.2 N, 180.6 ± 14.0 N, and 176.3 ± 11.2 N) and artificial femurs (87.2 ± 19.3 N, 82.2 ± 11.2 N, and 75.7 ± 8.8 N). For human femurs, force at 1000 rpm was greater than at other speeds (p ≤ 0.018). For artificial femurs, there was no speed effect on force (p ≥ 0.991). Torque at increasing spindle speed (1000 rpm, 1250 rpm, and 1500 rpm), respectively, showed a range for human femurs (186.3 ± 16.9 N·mm, 157.8 ± 16.1 N·mm, and 140.2 ± 16.4 N·mm) and artificial femurs (67.2 ± 8.4 N·mm, 61.0 ± 2.9 N·mm, and 53.3 ± 2.9 N·mm). For human femurs, torque at 1000 rpm was greater than at other speeds (p < 0.001). For artificial femurs, there was no difference in torque for 1000 rpm versus higher speeds (p ≥ 0.228), and there was only a borderline difference between the higher speeds (p = 0.046). Concerning human versus artificial femurs, their behavior was different at every speed (force, p ≤ 0.001; torque, p < 0.001). For human specimens at 1500 rpm, force and torque were linearly correlated with standardized bone mineral density (sBMD) and the T-score used to clinically categorize bone quality (R ≥ 0.56), but there was poor correlation with age at all speeds (R ≤ 0.37). These artificial bones fail to replicate force and torque in human cortical bone during surgical drilling. To date, this is the largest series of human long bones biomechanically tested for surgical drilling.

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Teeth, jaws and muscles in mammalian mastication.

Cited by 30 publications

References 0 publications

Effects of pellet diameter during and after lactation on feed intake of piglets pre- and postweaning1

Effects of pellet diameter during and after lactation on feed intake of piglets pre- and postweaning1

The Shape of Contention: Adaptation, History, and Contingency in Ungulate Mandibles

Biomechanical Measurements of Surgical Drilling Force and Torque in Human Versus Artificial Femurs

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