“…Cultured meat utilizes tissue engineering techniques that combine cells, media, and scaffolds within the bioreactor (Allan et al., 2019). The process, undertaken in a bioreactor (Datar & Betti, 2010), of producing cultured meat is composed of four phases: (i) cell harvesting, for example, via a biopsy from animals; (ii) expansion of cell numbers in a culture medium; (iii) differentiation of cells into skeletal muscle cells and fibers; and (iv) assembly of the final product (Fernandes et al., 2022). The culture medium contains the nutrients and vitamins essential for cell growth (Post, 2014), often using calf blood (Post, 2017) or fetal bovine serum (FBS) as a medium for cell proliferation (Catts & Zurr, 2014).…”