Techno-economic feasibility of a photovoltaic-equipped plug-in electric vehicle public parking lot with coordinated charging

Abstract

Electrification of transport and the deployment of plug‐in electric vehicles (PEVs) shift emissions from tail‐pipes to bulk power systems (BPSs). Coordinated distributed energy resources and PEV charging can mitigate the impact of this shift. This study presents an analysis of photovoltaic (PV) solar parking lots that address this benefit. Real‐world charging data, solar data, and electricity tariffs are used to determine the microgrid system that minimises the cost of retrofitting an existing parking lot with PV and PEV infrastructure coupled. The result is a load scheduling algorithm that takes into account tariffs and insolation to reduce costs while ensuring customer satisfaction. The techno‐economic feasibility of PV infrastructure in the microgrid is determined by minimising the net present cost (NPC) in two case studies: Victoria, BC, and Los Angeles, CA. Relatively low solar irradiation and electricity prices make it economically infeasible to install solar panels in Victoria even though the operational costs are reduced by 11%. In Los Angeles, high time‐of‐use prices, together with abundant solar radiation, make PV retrofitting economically feasible with any array capacity. At the current solar infrastructure price, coordinated charging in this region yields 8–16% savings on NPC and smaller feeder size requirements with greater load growth opportunities.

Quality–Cost–Environment Assessment of Sustainable Manufacturing of Photovoltaic Panels

“…PVps are highly popular products utilized in households, business, and public institutions [9,57]. Nevertheless, consumers sometimes question their quality [58][59][60], especially as it may only become apparent over a longer period of use. Increased PVp production generates environmental losses [61].…”

Power System Resilience: The Role of Electric Vehicles and Social Disparities in Mitigating the US Power Outages

“…Another research [315] has proposed a bi-level technique to optimize the size of charging stations and RESs by minimizing (1) Energy Not Supplied (seamlessly minimizing the power loss and boosting the system voltage magnitude) and ( 2) the operating cost of PEVs charging and discharging. Research [316] proposed an optimization framework for the techno-economic feasibility of solar PV parking lots coupled with PEV infrastructure with the aim of minimizing the cost of retrofitting parking lots (net present cost). Similarly, the authors in [317] developed an optimization framework to determine the optimal sizing of PV and BESS in extremely fast charging considering the EV coordinated charging strategy, investment and maintenance cost of PV and BESS, purchased energy from the utility grid, and EV demand.…”

Evaluation of Multi-Objective Optimization Techniques for Resilience Enhancement of Electric Vehicles

“…Meanwhile, the integration of stationary energy storage and renewables in fastcharging stations is also being studied [20][21][22] The penetration of EVs is increasing across the globe in order to reduce the carbon emissions from the transport sector. It is predicted in the Global EV Outlook 2021 report that the size of the EV fleet will reach between 145 and 230 million by 2030 [18].…”