Techniques to reduce failure in lead-calcium batteries using expanded type grids

The performance of Pb‐Ca‐Sn grids of lead‐acid batteries made from recycled lead in 4 M H2SO4 in the absence and presence of traces of Cu, As and Sb, as potential impurities in the recycling process at 0.1% level, is investigated by electrochemical methods. The study includes the effect of each impurity and impurities combined on the alloy corrodibility, the efficiency of PbO2 formation, the rate of the self‐discharge and the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). The results show that individual impurity enhances the corrosion resistance but increases the anode corrosion and the self‐discharge rate. Impurities play opposite effects on hydrogen evolution reaction and oxygen evolution reaction either individually or combined. Concerning water loss problem, the harmful effect of individual impurity on increasing oxygen evolution reaction is compensated by their suppression of hydrogen evolution reaction. The impurities combined suppress effectively both hydrogen evolution reaction and oxygen evolution reaction relative to alloy without any impurity. Sb has the highest harmful effects on oxygen evolution reaction and the self‐discharge but it is the best in the suppression of hydrogen evolution reaction. The impurities combined relatively improve the general corrosion resistance, the anode corrosion resistance and the self‐discharge. The study supports higher tolerance levels of Cu, As and Sb in Pb‐Ca‐Sn grids, especially when present combined, than the recommended levels in the industry standards.

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Effect of As, Cu and Sb impurities on performance of Pb‐Ca‐Sn grids of lead‐acid batteries

Gad‐Allah

Salih

Mokhtar

et al. 2013

Materialwissenschaft Werkst

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Lead/acid batteries

Bullock

1994

Journal of Power Sources

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Hardening process in ternary lead-antimony-tin alloys for battery grids

Hilger

1995

Journal of Power Sources

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Techniques to reduce failure in lead-calcium batteries using expanded type grids

Cited by 6 publications

References 8 publications

Effect of As, Cu and Sb impurities on performance of Pb‐Ca‐Sn grids of lead‐acid batteries

Effect of As, Cu and Sb impurities on performance of Pb‐Ca‐Sn grids of lead‐acid batteries

Lead/acid batteries

Hardening process in ternary lead-antimony-tin alloys for battery grids

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