Hardening process in ternary lead-antimony-tin alloys for battery grids

Hilger, J.P.

doi:10.1016/0378-7753(94)01977-4

Cited by 30 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Their locations in the Pb-Sb-Sn ternary phase diagram are designated as points A, B and C in Figure 1 Figure 1(a) [13][14][15] . The maximum undercoolings obtained in this work are 82 K(0.15T L ), 87 K(0.15T L ) and 68 K(0.12T L ), respectively, for these three alloys.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Owing to great difference in the lattice structure and growth mode among these three phases, their coupled growth and structural morphology are extremely complicated. Although some work has been done on the solidification microstructures and physical properties of Pb-Sb-Sn ternary alloys at near-equilibrium state [12][13][14][15] , there are few investigations on the rapid solidification of highly undercooled Pb-Sb-Sn alloys.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Formation mechanism of primary phases and eutectic structures within undercooled Pb-Sb-Sn ternary alloys

Dai

Wei

2007

SCI CHINA SER G

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The solidification characteristics of three types of Pb-Sb-Sn ternary alloys with different primary phases were studied under substantial undercooling conditions. The experimental results show that primary (Pb) and SbSn phases grow in the dendritic mode, whereas primary (Sb) phase exhibits faceted growth in the form of polygonal blocks and long strips. (Pb) solid solution phase displays strong affinity with SbSn intermetallic compound so that they produce various morphologies of pseudobinary eutectics, but it can only grow in the divorced eutectic mode together with (Sb) phase. Although (Sb) solid solution phase and SbSn intermetallic compound may grow cooperatively within ternary eutectic microstructures, they seldom form pseudobinary eutectics independently. The (Pb)+(Sb)+SbSn ternary eutectic structure usually shows lamellar morphology, but appears as anomalous eutectic when its volume fraction becomes small. EDS analyses reveal that all of the three primary (Pb), (Sb) and SbSn phases exhibit conspicuous solute trapping effect during rapid solidification, which results in the remarkable extension of solute solubility.undercooling, dendritic growth, eutectic growth, ternary eutectic, solute trappingThe solidification of eutectic alloys, which involves the competitive nucleation and cooperative growth of two or more eutectic phases from one liquid phase, is an important research subject in the field of material physics. For the binary eutectic growth, there have been sufficient investigations which lay the foundation of successful theoretical models [1] . In contrast, the solidification process of ternary eutectic alloys is very complicated [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12] , which requires further profound investigations. Most of the recent research on ternary eutectic solidification pays more attention to the extension of the classic JH model, the evolution of solidification structure, and the properties of ternary alloys under equilibrium or quasi-equilibrium conditions. Himemiya et al. [5] extended JH model to the coupled growth of three phases in ternary eutectic alloys. Souza et al. [6] studied the growth

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Formation mechanism of primary phases and eutectic structures within undercooled Pb-Sb-Sn ternary alloys

Dai

Wei

2007

SCI CHINA SER G

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“…Sb may be added to Sn-Pb solider alloys as a substitute for some of the Sn. This effectively reduces the cost per unit of the solider [8] and improves the strength properties of materials (microhardness) which are depended on the microstructural morphology and lamellar spacing [9]. However, the microstructure morphology, lamellar spacing and microhardness are always coupled in the Sn-Pb-Sb ternary alloys.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Research on lamellar structure and microhardness in directionally solidified ternary Sn–40.5Pb–2.6Sb eutectic alloy

Gao

et al. 2010

Journal of Alloys and Compounds

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“…Several Researches has been done on lead alloys in order to improve mechanical and electrochemical properties, we cite Pb -Ca, Pb -Sb, Pb -Cd, Pb-Sr, Pb-Sn, Pb-Ca-Sn, Pb-Sb-Sn, Pb-Sb-Cd, Pb -Sr -Sn, etc. [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30] The phenomena of aging and overaging of PbCdBiAg alloys are similar to those of PbCdBi alloys. Indeed, the continuous and discontinuous transformations are the two concurrent reactions characterizing the aging.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

Structural Hardening Mechanisms of Lead-Cadmium-Bismuth-Silver Alloys for Battery Grids

Saissi¹,

Saad²,

Yassine³

2020

IJCMES

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The return of equilibrium of structure state of supersaturated solid solutions of lead-cadmium-Bismuth-silver alloys has been studied by different techniques: hardness, micro-hardness, microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Two structural states were considered: raw casting alloy and rehomogenized alloy. We studied alloys Pb2%Cd1%Bi and Pb3,2%Cd2%Bi to which we added the following concentrations by weight of silver to elaborate our alloys: 0,07% Ag, 0,15% Ag, 0, 2% Ag and 0,3% Ag. The explored temperatures are: 20°C and 80°C. Overall, the influence of silver resides in a slight increase in hardness. For the alloy Pb2%Cd3%Bi0,07%Ag, the microstructure is characterized by the formation of Ag5Cd8 compound during solidification.

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Hardening process in ternary lead-antimony-tin alloys for battery grids

Cited by 30 publications

References 9 publications

Formation mechanism of primary phases and eutectic structures within undercooled Pb-Sb-Sn ternary alloys

Formation mechanism of primary phases and eutectic structures within undercooled Pb-Sb-Sn ternary alloys

Research on lamellar structure and microhardness in directionally solidified ternary Sn–40.5Pb–2.6Sb eutectic alloy

Structural Hardening Mechanisms of Lead-Cadmium-Bismuth-Silver Alloys for Battery Grids

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