Techniques of Blue, Green, and White Faience Bead Production Used at the Early Bronze Age Central Anatolian Site of RESULOĞLU (Turkey)

Abstract

Modern‐day Çorum is the homeland of the Hatti people, the culture that went on to form the Hittite Empire. Resuloğlu, which dates back to the latter half of the Early Bronze Age (ca. 2,500/2400–2,100/2050 BC), is a unique Hatti site with its settlement and cemetery areas systematically excavated. Among thousands of beads found at Resuloğlu, various materials were identified such as ceramic, copper and its alloys, carnelian, shells, and blue, green, and white‐colored beads. The microstructure and chemical compositions of 26 morphologically similar, colored beads were analyzed by optical microscopy, ICP–MS, XRD, and EPMA and are the focus of this paper. The results demonstrate faience bead production with efflorescence and cementation glazing techniques. The abundance of the raw materials at the Halys Basin (Central Anatolia) signals a local production, and there is a suggestion of a relationship with copper metallurgy.

Metal consumption of a middle-range society in the late 3rd millennium BC Anatolia: A new socioeconomic approach

“…Types of burial gifts are similar to those found in domestic contexts at the settlement. Similar goods are widely known throughout the Halys Basin [ 33 : p.8, Fig 11; 34 ]. The majority of the graves contain metal artifacts.…”

“…The majority of the graves were pithoi ( Fig 5c ). Burial gifts included ceramics, metal items, and beads made in various media [ 33 , 34 ]. Funeral banquets appeared as a rare but known practice [ 13 ].…”

Evaluation of using Nanocomposite polymers in treatment of ancient Egyptian faience

“…Faience objects had been known by the ancient Egyptians more than 5000 years ago, it is such strong evidence for the development of mechanical engineering in the ancient Egypt [1], the internal components of ancient Egyptians faience are SiO 2 (92-99%), Na 2 O (0.5-3%) and CaO (1-5%) [2]. it has been made by grinding quartz and low percentages of sodium, calcium, potassium, magnesium and copper oxides colors for glazed (raw materials), then adding water for moulding process by hand or mould [3], the glazed surface layer contains basically of silica, lime, soda ,colored mineral oxide [4] and certain percentages of alumina [5], three manufacturing methods were represented; The first glazing method is efflorescence the raw materials of the core are mixed (quartz, alkali, lime and colorant) during drying process, the salts migrate and efflorescence on the surface, so the glaze is thicker when firing the opposite happens at the base and interior wall to slow the drying process) [6]. The second method is cementation glazing method, is self-glazing technique [7] as fellow: the object is placed in the glazing mixture (quartz, alkali, oxide or calcium hydroxide and copper compounds) after the completion of the molding and its drying process, during the firing process a glaze layer of is formed on the surface of the faience under a temperature of 1000°C as a result of different reactions between siliceous surface of the core and the glazing mixture [8].…”