Technique of aortic valve replacement

Aortic Valve Replacement in the Calcified Small Aortic Root by Hemitranslocation of the Valve

“…3). The supraannular technique and the tilted position (5) at the noncoronary have been reported. Other techniques were the left ventricular apical‐aortic bypass (Cooley), the Ross procedure, and a translocation technique (6).…”

“…The Nicks procedure (1) and the Manouguian procedure (2) could not be performed on a patient with a large amount of calcium at the right posterior aortic wall. The simplest method is the tilted positioning of the prosthesis at the supraannulus of the noncoronary sinus (5). This technique was avoided when the calcium was recognized in this area.…”

“…The replacement of a small aortic valve produces a major transvalvular gradient. Several techniques have been reported (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6). However, these techniques are complicated, time consuming, difficult to learn, and fraught with complications.…”

Sowing the Seeds of Empire: Education & Identity Construction in England and France, 1870-1914

“…47 By professionalizing education, French authorities could train the student to be socially useful and perform his or her social function. 48 In this way, education became a means to overturn old, useless socioeconomic stratifications.…”

“…47 Durkheim, 290. 48 Durkheim,295. 49 The tension between the cultured, Parisian elite and the rural peasant has deep roots.…”