Technical Note: Initial characterization of the new EBT‐XD Gafchromic film

Grams, Michael P.; Gustafson, Jon M.; Long, Kenneth M.; Santos, Luis E. Fong de los

doi:10.1118/1.4930058

Cited by 35 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Guerda Massillon et al (8) reported that the response of EBT3 films only weakly depends on the energy of high‐energy photon beams (6, 15 MV) that are generally used in radiotherapy, and demonstrated a variation under 11% for very low‐energy photons (50 kV). Grams et al (17) demonstrated minimal energy dependence for EBT‐XD films irradiated with 6–18 MV beams (

< 0.8 %

). Further studies are needed to determine the characteristics of EBT‐XD films exposed to low‐energy photon, electron, and proton beams, over a broad range of energies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Gafchromic EBT‐XD film: Dosimetry characterization in high‐dose, volumetric‐modulated arc therapy

Miura¹,

Ozawa

Hosono³

et al. 2016

J Applied Clin Med Phys

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Radiochromic films are important tools for assessing complex dose distributions. Gafchromic EBT‐XD films have been designed for optimal performance in the 40–4,000 cGy dose range. We investigated the dosimetric characteristics of these films, including their dose‐response, postexposure density growth, and dependence on scanner orientation, beam energy, and dose rate with applications to high‐dose volumetric‐modulated arc therapy (VMAT) verification. A 10 MV beam from a TrueBeam STx linear accelerator was used to irradiate the films with doses in the 0–4,000 cGy range. Postexposure coloration was analyzed at postirradiation times ranging from several minutes to 48 h. The films were also irradiated with 6 MV (dose rate (DR): 600 MU/min), 6 MV flattening filter‐free (FFF) (DR: 1,400 MU/ min), and 10 MV FFF (DR: 2,400 MU/min) beams to determine the energy and dose‐rate dependence. For clinical examinations, we compared the dose distribution measured with EBT‐XD films and calculated by the planning system for four VMAT cases. The red channel of the EBT‐XD film exhibited a wider dynamic range than the green and blue channels. Scanner orientation yielded a variation of ∼3% in the net optical density (OD). The difference between the film front and back scan orientations was negligible, with variation of ∼1.3% in the net OD. The net OD increased sharply within the first 6 hrs after irradiation and gradually afterwards. No significant difference was observed for the beam energy and dose rate, with a variation of ∼1.5% in the net OD. The gamma passing rates (at 3%, 3 mm) between the film‐ measured and treatment planning system (TPS)‐calculated dose distributions under a high dose VMAT plan in the absolute dose mode were more than 98.9%.PACS number(s): 87.56 Fc

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< 0.8 %

). Further studies are needed to determine the characteristics of EBT‐XD films exposed to low‐energy photon, electron, and proton beams, over a broad range of energies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Before performing patient‐specific QA of radiotherapy treatment plans with the Gafchromic EBT‐XD films, it is important to investigate their dosimetric characteristics. It has been reported that the lateral response artifacts associated with EBT‐XD films are significantly smaller than those associated with EBT3 films 17 , 18 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gafchromic EBT‐XD film: Dosimetry characterization in high‐dose, volumetric‐modulated arc therapy

Miura¹,

Ozawa

Hosono³

et al. 2016

J Applied Clin Med Phys

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“…The active layer of the EBT‐XD model is sandwiched between two matte polyester substrate each with 125 μm thickness, identical to that of the EBT3 model. There are several studies on the characterization and validation of the EBT‐XD films for radiotherapy dosimetry applications . These studies showed an improved performance of the EBT‐XD film over the EBT3 model for applications requiring doses greater than 10 Gy.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Response characterization of EBT‐XD radiochromic films in megavoltage photon and electron beams

et al. 2019

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Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the beam quality dependence of the EBT‐XD radiochromic films for megavoltage photon and electron beam irradiations by studying their spectral response. Dose, dose rate, and interbatch dependencies were investigated as well. Methods EBT‐XD and EBT3 radiochromic films were cut into 5 cm2 × 5 cm2 pieces, placed between solid water phantoms, and irradiated with 6 and 15 MV photon beams, 6 and 10 MV flattening filter free photon beams, and 6 and 20 MeV electron beams at dose levels between 0.5 and 50 Gy. In order to measure the spectral response, the films were illuminated by a deuterium and tungsten‐halogen lamp and net absorption was measured in 400–800 nm spectral range using a fiber‐coupled optical spectrometer. Film samples were then analyzed using a flatbed scanner in the red, green, and blue channel to obtain the optical density of the films. Results The net absorption spectra of the EBT‐XD and EBT3 films showed two absorption bands centered at 635 and 585 nm, characteristic of the EBT model. However, for a given dose, the EBT‐XD films showed lower net absorbance compared to the EBT3 films. At a given dose level, the net absorption spectra and dose–response curves for EBT‐XD films showed only slight variations across various beam qualities. When a calibration curve obtained from a given beam quality is used to measure dose from films irradiated with other beam qualities, the maximum uncertainty in the calculated dose, in ranges 5–40 and 8–50 Gy for red and green channels, respectively, were ~3.1% and ~2.4%. Conclusions The response of the EBT‐XD films is dose rate independent but batch dependent. No significant beam quality dependence was observed in EBT‐XD films in the dose range up to 50 Gy.

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“…Extended range Gafchromic film (EBT‐XD, Ashland Inc., Bridgewater, NJ) was chosen because of the wide dynamic range,26, 27 well‐suited for SRS verification. An additional benefit is greatly reduced scanner lateral response artifact 26.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…An additional benefit is greatly reduced scanner lateral response artifact 26. Both calibration and measurement film pieces were scanned in the same orientation with respect to the original sheet they came from.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A hybrid volumetric dose verification method for single‐isocenter multiple‐target cranial SRS

Ahmed

Kapatoes

Zhang

et al. 2018

J Applied Clin Med Phys

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A commercial semi‐empirical volumetric dose verification system (PerFraction [PF], Sun Nuclear Corp.) extracts multi‐leaf collimator positions from the electronic portal imaging device movies collected during a pre‐treatment run, while the rest of the delivered control point information is harvested from the accelerator log files. This combination is used to reconstruct dose on a patient CT dataset with a fast superposition/convolution algorithm. The method was validated for single‐isocenter multi‐target SRS VMAT treatments against absolute radiochromic film measurements in a cylindrical phantom. The targets ranged in size from 0.8 to 3.6 cm and in number from 3 to 10 per plan. A total of 17 films rotated at different angles around the cylinder axis were analyzed. Each of 27 total targets was intercepted by at least one film, and 2–4 different films were analyzed per plan. Film dose was always scaled to the ion chamber measurement in a high‐dose, low‐gradient area deliberately created at the isocenter. The planar dose agreement between PF and film using 3%(Global dose‐difference normalization)/1 mm gamma analysis was on average 99.2 ± 1.1%. The point dose difference in the low‐gradient area in the middle of every target was below 3%, while PF‐reconstructed and film dose centroids for individual targets showed submillimeter agreement when measured on a well aligned accelerator. Volumetrically, all voxels in all plans agreed between PF and the primary treatment planning system at the 3%/1 mm level. With proper understanding of its advantages and shortcomings, the tool can be applied to patient‐specific QA in routine radiosurgical clinical practice.

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Technical Note: Initial characterization of the new EBT‐XD Gafchromic film

Abstract: The LRA of EBT-XD is greatly reduced when compared to EBT3. This in combination with its accuracy from 0 to 3000 cGy and minimal energy dependence from 6 to 18 MV makes EBT-XD film well suited for dosimetric measurements in high dose SRS/SBRT applications.

Cited by 35 publications

References 31 publications

Gafchromic EBT‐XD film: Dosimetry characterization in high‐dose, volumetric‐modulated arc therapy

Gafchromic EBT‐XD film: Dosimetry characterization in high‐dose, volumetric‐modulated arc therapy

Response characterization of EBT‐XD radiochromic films in megavoltage photon and electron beams

A hybrid volumetric dose verification method for single‐isocenter multiple‐target cranial SRS

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