Technical Guidelines for Reliable Measurements of the Quantized Hall Resistance

Delahaye, F.

doi:10.1088/0026-1394/26/1/005

Cited by 90 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Note that all these measurements are regular comparisons of the quantized Hall resistor -just with the respective pair of at voltage contacts -and a 100 Ω conventional resistor (here, the one from BIPM) at the current level ± 38.74 µA. Together with the separately determined parameter s accounting for the 'nonperpendicular' Hall geometry [18], we found a ∆U-correction of 0.17 nV pk-pk for the given current bias level.…”

Section: 2a Preliminary Testsmentioning

confidence: 60%

Comparison of quantum Hall effect resistance standards of the PTB and the BIPM

et al. 1997

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An on-site comparison of the quantum Hall effect (QHE) resistance standards of the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) and of the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM) was made in October 1995. Measurements of a 100 standard in terms of, the quantized resistance corresponding to the quantum number 2, agreed to -5,5 parts in 10 10 with a relative combined standard uncertainty = 19 10 -10 . Measurements of 10 000 /100 and 100 /1 ratios agreed to -4 parts in 10 10 with = 19 10 -10 and 12 parts in 10 10 with = 26 10 -10 , respectively.

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Section: 2a Preliminary Testsmentioning

confidence: 60%

Comparison of quantum Hall effect resistance standards of the PTB and the BIPM

et al. 1997

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“…Among its various unique properties, an anomalous 'half-integer' quantum Hall effect (QHE) is most interesting for metrology, where the fact that the Hall resistance is quantized and depends only on fundamental constants is utilized for the representation and maintenance of the resistance unit, the ohm. Typically, twodimensional electron systems (2DES) realized in GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructures [4] are used for this purpose. The required relative measurement uncertainty of better than 1 part in 10 8 is, however, only obtained at strong magnetic fields around 10 tesla and at temperatures of 1.4 kelvin and below.…”

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confidence: 99%

Towards a graphene-based quantum impedance standard

Kalmbach

Schurr

Ahlers

et al. 2014

Applied Physics Letters

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Precision measurements of the quantum Hall resistance with alternating current (ac) in the kHz range were performed on epitaxial graphene in order to assess its suitability as a quantum standard of impedance. The quantum Hall plateaus measured with alternating current were found to be flat within one part in 10 7 . This is much better than for plain GaAs quantum Hall devices and shows that the magnetic-fluxdependent capacitive ac losses of the graphene device are less critical. The observed frequency dependence of about -8×10 -8 /kHz is comparable in absolute value to the positive frequency dependence of plain GaAs devices, but the negative sign is attributed to stray capacitances which we believe can be minimized by a careful design of the graphene device. Further improvements thus may lead to a simpler and more user-friendly quantum standard for both resistance and impedance.Graphene is probably the most fascinating electronic material discovered in the last decades [1][2][3]. Among its various unique properties, an anomalous 'half-integer' quantum Hall effect (QHE) is most interesting for metrology, where the fact that the Hall resistance is quantized and depends only on fundamental constants is utilized for the representation and maintenance of the resistance unit, the ohm. Typically, twodimensional electron systems (2DES) realized in GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructures [4] are used for this purpose. The required relative measurement uncertainty of better than 1 part in 10 8 is, however, only obtained at strong magnetic fields around 10 tesla and at temperatures of 1.4 kelvin and below. In contrast, in graphene the cyclotron energy splitting between the Landau levels (which is the main factor determining the robustness of the quantized Hall resistance (QHR)) is so large that fingerprints of the QHE are even observed at room temperature [5]. Thus, with graphene a highly precise QHR standard working at low magnetic fields and temperatures above 4 kelvin is conceivable, which would be an enormous advantage for practical metrology. In fact, when measuring with direct current (dc), it has been demonstrated already that the precision of the QHE in high quality graphene devices matches that of GaAs devices [6][7][8][9]. However, in the forthcoming fundamental constant-based redefinition of the Système International d'Unités (SI) [10], also the impedance units (capacitance and inductance) will be traced to fundamental constants [11]. The most direct way to represent the impedance units is to use a quantum Hall resistance measured with alternating current (ac QHR). This has two advantages. Firstly, deriving the resistance and impedance units from the same quantum effect improves the consistency of the SI. And secondly, using the same QHE device at dc and at ac in one and the same cryomagnetic system would constitute a practical and economical advantage. Therefore, the question naturally arises whether graphene can replace GaAs also in the realm of impedance units, leading to an at least equally precise, but more userfriendl...

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“…Note that the subscript '-90' is used to indicate that they are not scientific fundamental physical constants linked to the SI traceable values of h and e, but the conventional values for 'closed' electrical measurements. For the realization of the ohm using the QHRS, a technical guideline has been published after detailed investigations that one can establish a reference standard of resistance with a relative uncertainty of a few parts in 10 −8 [17] (see Section 4). Therefore, in the case where a voltage or resistance calibration has been carried out using a JVS or QHRS, a statement, e.g.…”

Section: Present Si and Revised Simentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of quantum electrical standards and benefits and effects of the implementation of the ‘revised SI’

Kaneko

2017

IEEJ Transactions Elec Engng

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In the present International System of Units (SI), the Josephson effect and quantum Hall effect have been utilized for voltage and resistance primary standards, and the electrical current standard has been derived from a combination of the two quantum standards. In 2018, it is planned that the SI will be revised based on the latest measurements results of the Planck constant, elementary charge, Avogadro constant, and Boltzmann constant. The adoption of the 'Revised SI' means we shall finally terminate the traceability of the kilogram tied to an artifact (the international prototype of the kilogram) and start a new traceability of the kilogram to the Planck constant h. In electricity and magnetism metrology, and related precision measurements, the traceability presently based on the 'conventional values' of the Josephson constant and the von Klitzing constant is going to be switched to the revised traceability based on the Planck constant and elementary charge. In this article, the foundation of the quantum electrical measurements and how the Revised SI, which is based purely on fundamental physical constants and quantum effects, will bring us a long-term benefit with negligible impact to industry are detailed.

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Technical Guidelines for Reliable Measurements of the Quantized Hall Resistance

Abstract: This paper describes the main tests and precautions that guarantee both reproducible and accurate results in the use of the quantum Hall effect as a means to establish a reference standard of resistance having a relative uncertainty of a few parts in 108.

Cited by 90 publications

References 8 publications

Comparison of quantum Hall effect resistance standards of the PTB and the BIPM

Comparison of quantum Hall effect resistance standards of the PTB and the BIPM

Towards a graphene-based quantum impedance standard

Review of quantum electrical standards and benefits and effects of the implementation of the ‘revised SI’

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