Technical and Geological review of Carbon dioxide Geo Sequestration along with analysis and study of various Monitoring Techniques

Abstract

Carbon dioxide emissions are increasing due to the hydrocarbons produced increasingly around the world. Projected emissions of "greenhouse gases", principally carbon dioxide, are predicted to cause significant changes in average global temperature and sea-levels, which could have negative consequences in many parts of the world. Scenarios for stabilizing atmospheric carbon dioxide at reasonable levels will eventually require substantial cuts in overall emissions over the next few decades. One possible solution is to store or "sequester" CO2 emissions in a form where they will not reach the atmosphere. "CO2 Sequestration is a process that utilizes a set of technologies aimed at capturing CO2 emitted from industrial and energy-related sources before it enters the atmosphere, compressing it, and injecting it deep underground in secure geological formations and ensuring it remains stored there indefinitely". Geological sequestration is potential technology that complements two other major approaches for greenhouse gas reduction, namely improving energy efficiency and increasing use of non-carbon energy sources. This option, which lowers the cost of CO2 sequestration by recovering incremental oil, is particularly attractive in mature sedimentary basins. Monitoring of the sequestration process is necessary to confirm the containment of CO2, to assess leakage paths, and to gain understanding of interactions between CO2, the rock-forming minerals, and formation fluids. Recently CO2 monitoring is also used for the purpose of leakage detection and quantification of CO2 stored in reservoirs. The goal of this paper is to gain thorough understanding of the entire geological sequestration process and to realize the various problems associated with the storage and the significance and importance of monitoring the process for effective implementation of technology. This paper will discuss in detail about the technology involved in CO2 geological sequestration process, its reservoir & geological perspectives, the storage problems, various monitoring methods and their applications, techniques for safe injection of CO2,etc. Introduction: Capture of CO2 prior to atmospheric release, and subsequent injection in deep geological formations, is a promising option to reduce the rate of atmospheric CO2 increase. Our work focuses on the fate of the injected CO2 over both short and long time scales, the extent and magnitude of subsurface perturbations associated with the injection, and the potential leakages out of the injection formation of the sequestered CO2 as well as displaced resident fluids such as high-concentration brines. The key driving force behind undertaking CCS is the need to find cost-effective solutions to tackle the global issue of climate change by reducing CO2 emissions in a world where there is a continued and rising demand for energy. Anthropogenic effects on climate can be mitigated through various measures, among them being CO2 sequestration in geological media. Utilization of CO2 for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) and sequestration processes not only reduces greenhouse emissions but also awards economical benefits. In CO2-EOR the main purpose is to maximize oil recovery with the minimum quantity of CO2 while a maximum amount of CO2 is aimed to store in a sequestration.

Advances in Carbon Dioxide Storage Projects: Assessment and Perspectives

“…Currently, there are several techniques that are employed in monitoring activities of CO 2 , such as seismic surveys (2D, 3D, and 4D), microseismic techniques, detector array, Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR), soil gas sampling, cross-well seismic, well logs, time-lapse seismic, eddy covariance, electrical conductivity, repeat electromagnetic surveys (4D EM/CSEM), vertical seismic profiling (2D, 3D, 4D), groundwater geochemistry, well temperature and pressure, interferometer, and tiltmeter/GPS monitoring. ,,,− The applicability of these types of monitoring programs in geological formations is dependent on the geological structure, site size, formation complexity, and associated risk . Additionally, other monitoring techniques are expensive and have good benefits, such as seismic monitoring techniques, while other techniques are expensive with low benefits, such as repeat electromagnetic surveys (4D EM/CSEM) .…”

Challenges Associated with CO2 Sequestration and Hydrocarbon Recovery

“…Macdonald [51] provided field and lab measurements of CO 2 using Raman spectroscopy, which improved monitoring of the prevised amounts of CO 2 dissolved in reservoir brine. Through the Saptharishi and Makwana [52] study, various monitoring techniques are summarized, which include but are not limited to techniques for coal beds.…”

“…Due to shale's extremely low permeability, causing a more tortuous flow path, CO 2 migration vertically is tremendously limited [54]. The degradation of cement and metal casing with a presence of CO 2 is currently a topic that needs extensive investigation [52]. As the The Sleipner Project, located in Norway, is currently storing more than 2700 tons of CO 2 per day below an extensive and thick shale layer [27].…”

“…Unfortunately, a great deal of research and monitoring is still required in order to ensure that shale beds maintain the quality of their seals over time and to maximize CO 2 sequestration. Knowledge gaps such as lack of information on available storage capacity, lack of formation and reservoir data that specifies favorable sequestration settings, understanding long-term CO 2 interaction in shale, and testing different strategies for CO 2 injection and well patterns to achieve efficient carbon dioxide sequestration and EOR still exist [52]. Many questions regarding this topic will remain unanswered until additional, large, in situ field tests take places.…”

Environmental Sustainability of Oil Industry

“…Excessive emission of CO 2 is considered as one of main causes of the greenhouse effect and of the resulting negative changes in climate (Saptharishi and Makwana, 2011). For years governments as well as the scientific community have shown a growing interest in the possibility of reducing the concentration of CO 2 into the atmosphere.…”