Technical and Economic Analysis of One-Stop Charging Stations for Battery and Fuel Cell EV with Renewable Energy Sources

Abstract

Currently, most of the vehicles make use of fossil fuels for operations, resulting in one of the largest sources of carbon dioxide emissions. The need to cut our dependency on these fossil fuels has led to an increased use of renewable energy sources (RESs) for mobility purposes. A technical and economic analysis of a one-stop charging station for battery electric vehicles (BEV) and fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV) is investigated in this paper. The hybrid optimization model for electric renewables (HOMER) software and the heavy-duty refueling station analysis model (HDRSAM) are used to conduct the case study for a one-stop charging station at Technical University of Denmark (DTU)-Risø campus. Using HOMER, a total of 42 charging station scenarios are analyzed by considering two systems (a grid-connected system and an off-grid connected system). For each system three different charging station designs (design A-hydrogen load; design B-an electrical load, and design C-an integrated system consisting of both hydrogen and electrical load) are set up for analysis. Furthermore, seven potential wind turbines with different capacity are selected from HOMER database for each system. Using HDRSAM, a total 18 scenarios are analyzed with variation in hydrogen delivery option, production volume, hydrogen dispensing option and hydrogen dispensing option. The optimal solution from HOMER for a lifespan of twenty-five years is integrated into design C with the grid-connected system whose cost was $986,065. For HDRSAM, the optimal solution design consists of tube trailer as hydrogen delivery with cascade dispensing option at 350 bar together with high production volume and the cost of the system was $452,148. The results from the two simulation tools are integrated and the overall cost of the one-stop charging station is achieved which was $2,833,465. The analysis demonstrated that the one-stop charging station with a grid connection is able to fulfil the charging demand cost-effectively and environmentally friendly for an integrated energy system with RESs in the investigated locations.

Hydrogen Fuel Cell Road Vehicles and Their Infrastructure: An Option towards an Environmentally Friendly Energy Transition

“…Note that regarding zero emission electric vehicles, BEVs technology commonly shown as a competitor to FCVs solution [71] whereas they are complementary both in terms of use [72] and distribution. Regarding the latter point, Bansal et al demonstrated that combining BEV and FCV charging in a single station was the optimal design solution both in terms of cost and grid infrastructure.…”

Sustainable Development of the Automobile Industry in the United States, Europe, and Japan with Special Focus on the Vehicles’ Power Sources

“…During the late 1960s and the early 1970s, there was a gas shortage, which provoked EV [75]. However, because of its expense, a limited number of charging stations, and lack of power supply, it was unpopular [76]. Though this technology has several advantages, it also has a few negative points.…”

“…Figure 16 shows a schematic of a BEV and its main components [78]. Moreover, Figure 17 summarizes the top reasons why people do not buy an electric vehicle [76].…”

Environmental Benefit and Investment Value of Hydrogen-Based Wind-Energy Storage System

“…Foreign countries attach great importance to the economic research of hydrogen energy storage technology and windpower HESS and have begun to develop the evaluation simulation software of wind-power HESS, including the following three software platforms: first, HOMER, a power system optimization platform developed by the Renewable Energy Laboratory of the United States Department of Energy, is mainly used to evaluate the effect of grid-connected power generation system and can effectively assess and analyze the economy and sensitivity of the integrated system of wind power and fuel cells hydrogen production (Bansal et al, 2020;Hassani et al, 2020). Second, TRNSYS, a system dynamic behavior simulation software platform designed and released by the New Energy Power Laboratory of the University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States, effectively quantifies and evaluates the operation effect of power system through simulation, and its standard database is composed by nearly 150 calculation models, including the simulation calculation models of hydrogen production system by wind power and fuel cell generation models (Bakić Vukman et al, 2012;Buonomano et al, 2018).…”