Teaching Safety at a Summer Camp

Lawson, Karla A.; Duzinski, Sarah V.; Wheeler, T. J.; Yuma, Paula; Johnson, Krista; Maxson, R. Todd; Schlechter, Robert

doi:10.1177/1524839911399428

Cited by 6 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“… 4–6 Although the mortality and morbidity of drowning and non-fatal drowning is known to be a public health problem, and 85% of drowning events are preventable, 6 preventive interventions have not been effective in lowering the incidence. 1 7 Patterns of fatal drowning have been described, and risk factors, such as location of drowning, age, gender and race/ethnicity have been identified. 8 9 By contrast, less is known about non-fatal drowning.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unintentional, non-fatal drowning of children: US trends and racial/ethnic disparities

et al. 2015

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ObjectiveThe current study aimed to better understand trends and risk factors associated with non-fatal drowning of infants and children in the USA using two large, national databases.MethodsA secondary data analysis was conducted using the National Inpatient Sample and the Nationwide Emergency Department Sample databases. The analytic sample (n=19 403) included children <21 years of age who had a diagnosis code for near-drowning/non-fatal drowning. Descriptive, χ2 and analysis of variance techniques were applied, and incidence rates were calculated per 100 000 population.ResultsNon-fatal drowning incidence has remained relatively stable from 2006 to 2011. In general, the highest rates of non-fatal drowning occurred in swimming pools and in children from racial/ethnic minorities. However, when compared with non-Hispanic Caucasian children, children from racial/ethnic minorities were more likely to drown in natural waterways than in swimming pools. Despite the overall lower rate of non-fatal drowning among non-Hispanic Caucasian children, the highest rate of all non-fatal drowning was for non-Hispanic Caucasian children aged 0–4 years in swimming pools. Children who were admitted to inpatient facilities were younger, male and came from families with lower incomes.ConclusionsData from two large US national databases show lack of progress in preventing and reducing non-fatal drowning admissions from 2006 to 2011. Discrepancies are seen in the location of drowning events and demographic characteristics. New policies and interventions are needed, and tailoring approaches by age and race/ethnicity may improve their effectiveness.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unintentional, non-fatal drowning of children: US trends and racial/ethnic disparities

et al. 2015

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“…Fourteen studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria (Petrass et al 2021 ; Willcox-Pidgeon et al 2021 ; Peden et al 2017 ; Calverley et al 2021 ; Forde et al 2020 ; Franklin et al 2015 ; Lawson et al 2012 ; Mercado et al 2016 ; Moran and Gilmore 2018 ; Munn et al 2021 ; Olaisen et al 2018 ; Peden et al 2020 ; Pratt et al 2021 ; Terzidis et al 2007 ) and encompassed research in five countries: Australia (n = 6), United States of America (n = 5), England (n = 1), Greece (n = 1) and New Zealand (n = 1). Participants were aged between 1 and 17 years, with most aged between 5 and 14 years (see Additional file 1 : Table S1, for study characteristics).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Risk of bias assessments deemed six studies to be at very high risk (Forde et al 2020 ; Franklin et al 2015 ; Mercado et al 2016 ; Munn et al 2021 ; Peden et al 2020 ), and eight studies to be at high risk (Petrass et al 2021 ; Willcox-Pidgeon et al 2021 ; Peden et al 2017 ; Calverley et al 2021 ; Lawson et al 2012 ; Moran and Gilmore 2018 ; Olaisen et al 2018 ; Pratt et al 2021 ; Terzidis et al 2007 ) (Additional file 1 : Table S2). Studies were commonly subject to bias in regard to confounding, selection of participants, and measurement of exposure and outcome.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Educational interventions differed across quasi-experimental studies regarding content, duration, and study populations. Interventions were delivered intensively for five consecutive days (Forde et al 2020 ; Lawson et al 2012 ; Munn et al 2021 ), weekly for eight to ten weeks (Petrass et al 2021 ; Calverley et al 2021 ; Olaisen et al 2018 ), and one intervention involved a one-day water safety event (Terzidis et al 2007 ). Three studies reported on tailored interventions to children with developmental disabilities (Munn et al 2021 ), children living in a regional area (Calverley et al 2021 ), and Spanish-speaking Latino children (Olaisen et al 2018 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These standards included: the VWSC (Life Saving Victoria 2022 ); the (Australian) National Swimming and Water Safety Benchmark ( 2019 ); and England’s National Curriculum (Swim England 2020 ). Some studies referred to less formal benchmarks, including the Swim Central skills assessment checklist (Forde et al 2020 ), and the iCan Swim assessment (Munn et al 2021 ), and others (Lawson et al 2012 ; Mercado et al 2016 ; Moran and Gilmore 2018 ; Olaisen et al 2018 ; Terzidis et al 2007 ). Assessments were age-dependent and explored a combination of the following skills: safe entry and exit, submersion, flotation and sculling, swimming strokes, underwater swimming, and rescue skills (Australian Water Safety Council 2021 ; Petrass et al 2021 ; Willcox-Pidgeon et al 2021 ; Calverley et al 2021 ; Forde et al 2020 ; Franklin et al 2015 ; Mercado et al 2016 ; Munn et al 2021 ; Olaisen et al 2018 ; Peden et al 2020 ; Pratt et al 2021 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A systematic review of demographic and background factors associated with the development of children’s aquatic competence

Duke¹,

Calverley²,

Petrass

et al. 2023

Inj. Epidemiol.

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Background Globally, drowning is a leading cause of unintentional injury and death among children. Teaching aquatic competencies (swimming skills and water safety knowledge) to children has been proposed as a prevention strategy. In Australia, however, many children are not meeting standard aquatic competency benchmarks. Exploration of the connection between demographic and background factors and aquatic competencies could provide insight into why differences in acquisition of aquatic knowledge and skills occur. Main body A systematic literature review guided by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses was performed to identify studies that reported on the association between demographic and background factors and aquatic competencies. Nine databases were searched for English language peer-reviewed studies published since 2000. Fourteen studies fulfilled all inclusion criteria. Studies were quasi-experimental or cross-sectional in design, which is considered quality level III-2 or IV, respectively, on the National Health and Medical Research Council Evidence Hierarchy. Study quality was moderate, and risk of bias was high. While aquatic competencies can be taught, this review found that factors including age, gender, geographic residence, medical conditions/disabilities, socioeconomic status, and swimming frequency were significantly associated with the demonstration and/or acquisition of aquatic competencies. Conclusion This review provides insight into demographic and background factors that are significantly associated with the development of aquatic competence. Whilst further investigation is required to increase the evidence base, these findings may assist in tailoring swimming and water safety programs to accommodate those at-risk of not achieving age-appropriate aquatic competencies.

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Public health interventions to prevent children drowning: an updated systematic review

Crawford,

D’Orazio,

Gray

et al. 2024

J Public Health (Berl.)

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Aim Injuries are a leading cause of death and disability for children and young people worldwide and a significant public health challenge. This updated review identifies and assesses public health interventions designed to prevent child drowning. It aimed to evaluate the global scope of literature and examine contributions made to the evidence since the last review was published. Subject and methods The review follows processes established in previous reviews and recommendations of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Articles were peer-reviewed, published in English between 2011 and 2023 and described and evaluated child drowning primary prevention interventions. Fifteen databases were searched, and articles were managed in Endnote and Rayyan.AI. The MetaQAT framework was applied to quality appraisal. Results We included a final sample of n = 43 studies. Most studies were from high-income countries and applied quantitative intervention designs. Just under half targeted children, most at the population level. Approximately one in three studies used behavioural theory to guide intervention development. Few studies reported formative research. Conclusion The past decade has seen a threefold increase in the number of papers describing public health interventions to prevent children drowning. Despite this increase, interventions remain primarily educational, focusing on behavioural strategies. A call for more comprehensive and systems-level interventions that tackle the upstream determinants of child drowning is timely.

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Teaching Safety at a Summer Camp

Cited by 6 publications

References 13 publications

Unintentional, non-fatal drowning of children: US trends and racial/ethnic disparities

Unintentional, non-fatal drowning of children: US trends and racial/ethnic disparities

A systematic review of demographic and background factors associated with the development of children’s aquatic competence

Public health interventions to prevent children drowning: an updated systematic review

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