“…Yet while teachers report likely and actual use of schoolwide data (e.g., attendance, office discipline referrals [ODRs]) to make decisions about their students (Hamilton et al, 2009; Kilgore & Reynolds, 2011; Shuster et al, 2017; Sugai & Horner, 2006; Ysseldyke, Algozzine, & Thurlow, 1992), evidence from practice has not supported consistent use or improved outcomes in schools (cf. Bahr, Whitten, Dieker, Kocarek, & Manson, 1999; Berger et al, 2014; Burns, Peters, & Noell, 2008; Burns & Symington, 2002; Burns, Vanderwood, & Ruby, 2005; Doll, Haack, Kosse, Osterloh, & Siemers, 2005; Flugum & Reschly, 1994; McDougal, Clonan, & Martens, 2000; Telzrow, McNamara, & Hollinger, 2000). For example, research indicates that teams will select some elements of effective problem-solving (e.g., identifying a problem) but too often ignore the full set of elements (e.g., goal setting, comprehensive solution development, action planning) needed to achieve positive outcomes (Cochrane & Laux, 2008; Doll et al, 2005; Flugum & Reschly, 1994; Kovaleski & Glew, 2006; McDougal et al, 2000; Noell, Gresham, & Gansle, 2002; Telzrow et al, 2000).…”