“…Studies around the world (e.g., Europe, China, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ghana, Greece, Latin America and the Caribbean, Kenya, Turkey, and the United States) have reported these associations using both crosssectional and longitudinal study designs (e.g., Lazzari et al, 2013;Yoshikawa et al, 2015;Gregoriadis et al, 2016;Kagan et al, 2016;Mungai et al, 2017;Soliday Hong and Udommana, 2018;Acar et al, 2019;Bernal et al, 2019;Ponguta et al, 2019;Rosa and Menezes, 2019;Wolf et al, 2019;Liu et al, 2020;Wang et al, 2020;Önder et al, 2020;Hu et al, 2021;Yang et al, 2021;Bartholo et al, 2022). Positive associations between ECEC quality and children's learning and development have also been found across developmental stages and educational settings, including childcare centers and kindergartens (Liu et al, 2020). In Portugal, the same pattern of results has been found, both in childcare center settings and preschool (e.g., Pessanha et al, 2007Pessanha et al, , 2017; Barros and Aguiar, 2010;Barros et al, 2016Barros et al, , 2018Pinto et al, 2019a;Guedes et al, 2020;Coelho et al, 2021Coelho et al, , 2022Cadima et al, 2022;Fuertes et al, 2022) and for both children at-risk and children with no known risk associated (e.g., Cadima et al, 2018;Aguiar et al, 2019;Pinto et al, 2019b).…”