“…In the back propagation stage, the objective function is employed to measure the deviation between the actual value of the output and the corresponding predicted value, and the weights and deviations are updated. CNNs have been developed rapidly, achieving unprecedented accuracy in target classification and recognition based on computer vision, [77][78][79][80] object detection, 81 and scene analysis. 82 This has successfully solved some issues in multiple research directions, including image classification, image semantic segmentation, video tracking, and speech analysis.…”