Taxonomy and systematics.

Adams, Byron J.; Nguyen, Khuong B.; Gaugler, Randy

doi:10.1079/9780851995670.0001

Cited by 139 publications

(77 citation statements)

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“…The nematodes feed on the multiplying bacteria and the liberated nutrients of broken-down insect tissues. They reproduce in the cadaver until resources are depleted, at which time new IJs form and disperse in search of new hosts (24).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Olfaction shapes host–parasite interactions in parasitic nematodes

Dillman

Guillermin

Lee

et al. 2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

144

164

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Many parasitic nematodes actively seek out hosts in which to complete their lifecycles. Olfaction is thought to play an important role in the host-seeking process, with parasites following a chemical trail toward host-associated odors. However, little is known about the olfactory cues that attract parasitic nematodes to hosts or the behavioral responses these cues elicit. Moreover, what little is known focuses on easily obtainable laboratory hosts rather than on natural or other ecologically relevant hosts. Here we investigate the olfactory responses of six diverse species of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) to seven ecologically relevant potential invertebrate hosts, including one known natural host and other potential hosts collected from the environment. We show that EPNs respond differentially to the odor blends emitted by live potential hosts as well as to individual host-derived odorants. In addition, we show that EPNs use the universal host cue CO 2 as well as host-specific odorants for host location, but the relative importance of CO 2 versus host-specific odorants varies for different parasite-host combinations and for different host-seeking behaviors. We also identified host-derived odorants by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and found that many of these odorants stimulate host-seeking behaviors in a species-specific manner. Taken together, our results demonstrate that parasitic nematodes have evolved specialized olfactory systems that likely contribute to appropriate host selection.entomopathogens | chemosensation | Heterorhabditis | Steinernema M any parasitic nematodes actively seek out hosts using sensory cues (1). Host seeking is a complex behavior that involves chemosensory, thermosensory, hygrosensory, and mechanosensory cues (1-4). Olfaction is a critical component of host-seeking behavior: Many parasitic nematodes use CO 2 and other host volatiles for host location (1, 2, 5-8). However, little is known about how parasites respond to host-derived odors.Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are powerful models for the study of odor-driven host-seeking behavior. EPNs comprise a guild-a group of phylogenetically divergent species that exploit the same class of resources in a similar way (9)-that includes the genera Heterorhabditis, Steinernema, and Oscheius (10, 11). EPNs are parasites of insects that infect and kill insect larvae (10, 11). They offer a number of advantages as model systems, including small size, short generation time, and amenability to laboratory culturing and behavioral analysis (12, 13). In addition, they resemble skin-penetrating human-parasitic nematodes in that they actively seek out hosts using olfactory cues (2,7,(13)(14)(15)(16). EPNs also are of interest as biocontrol agents for insect pests and disease vectors and currently are used throughout the world as environmentally safe alternatives to chemical insecticides. The three genera of EPNs are phylogenetically distant but have highly similar lifestyles as a result of convergent evolution to insect parasitism (17).EPN...

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Olfaction shapes host–parasite interactions in parasitic nematodes

Dillman

Guillermin

Lee

et al. 2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

144

164

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“…Interest in EPNs was initiated in 1929, when Glaser and Fox found grubs of the Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica (Glaser), infected with the nematode Steinernema glaseri (Steiner, 1929) (Smart, 1995;Ehlers, 2001). With the increasing development of effective, cheap chemical pesticides from the 1940s to the 1960s, the work and discoveries of Glaser took a backseat until recently (Smart, 1995;Adams & Nguyen, 2002). Since the negative environmental effects, decreasing effectiveness, and increase in cost of chemicals became apparent in the mid-1960s, there has been an increasing need to find biological alternatives in terms of insect pest management (Smart, 1995;Adams & Nguyen, 2002).…”

Section: Entomopathogenic Nematodesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…With the increasing development of effective, cheap chemical pesticides from the 1940s to the 1960s, the work and discoveries of Glaser took a backseat until recently (Smart, 1995;Adams & Nguyen, 2002). Since the negative environmental effects, decreasing effectiveness, and increase in cost of chemicals became apparent in the mid-1960s, there has been an increasing need to find biological alternatives in terms of insect pest management (Smart, 1995;Adams & Nguyen, 2002). Subsequently, many new nematode species with biocontrol potential have been discovered, described and tested over the past decade (Adams & Nguyen, 2002;Stock & Hunt, 2005).…”

Section: Entomopathogenic Nematodesmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Overview of the Vine Mealybug (Planococcus ficus) in South African Vineyards and the Use of Entomopathogenic Nematodes as Potential Biocontrol Agent

Vieux

Malan

2016

SAJEV

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The vine mealybug, Planococcus ficus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), which is the dominant mealybug species in South Africa, is a severe wine and table grape pest and disease vector. Their increasing resistance to chemical pesticides and cryptic lifestyles have led to the search for new control methods. Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) belonging to the famifies Heterorhabditidae and Steinernematidae are deadly insect pathogens. This paper gives valuable background information on F ficus and EPNs, while paying particular attention to the potential use of South African EPN species as biocontrol agents against F ficus.

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“…So far, no much information concerning the use of degradable plastic in pod sleeving for controlling pest both in fruits and in cocoa. Biological control of CPB by using entomopathogenic nematodes is promising because nematodes are capable of seeking and killing their host rapidly (Gaugler et al 1997;Adams and Nguyen 2002;ShapiroIlan et al 2002). One potential entomopathogenic nematode species is Steinernema carpocapsae which can persist on the pod surface in both the dry and wet seasons and can penetrate the cocoa pods (Rosmana et al 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

CONTROL OF COCOA POD BORER AND PHYTOPHTHORA POD ROT USING DEGRADABLE PLASTIC POD SLEEVES AND A NEMATODE, Steinernema carpocapsae

Rosmana

Shepard

Hebbar³

et al. 2013

Indones. J. Agric. Sci.

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Cocoa pod borer (CPB; Conopomorpha cramerella) and Phytophthora pod rot (PPR; Phytophthora palmivora) are serious pest and disease on cocoa plantations in Indonesia. Both pest and disease have been controlled with limited success using cultural practices such as pruning, frequent harvesting, sanitation, plastic sleeving, and chemical pesticides. An experiment was conducted on cocoa plantings in Pinrang Regency, South Sulawesi during the wet season of 2008/09 to test the effect of pod sleeving (with transparent degradable and non-degradable plastic bags) and nematode application on CPB and PPR infestation. The nematode, Steinernema carpocapsae (10,000 active juveniles per pod) was sprayed three times at intervals of 10 and 20 days. Pod damage by CPB was observed at harvest time, while PPR disease incidence was evaluated every week until harvest time. Results showed that all pods in the field were infested by CPB as indicated in control samples. Pod sleeving using both non-degradable and degradable plastics significantly reduced pod damage by CPB, from 62.3% in the control treatment compared to 8.4% in the CPB treatment. A combination of pod sleeving and nematode application had a synergistic reduction of pod damage by CPB resulting in totally healthy pods. Pod sleeving with degradable and non-degradable plastics also reduced pod damage by PPR significantly. Pod sleeving with non-degradable plastic suppressed the disease incidence almost zero until 6 weeks after sleeving and the rate of disease incidence was 3.6% per week. However, with degradable plastic, the disease suppression was even longer (7 weeks after sleeving), indicating that the degradable plastic is more effective. Combination of sleeving and nematode application slightly increased PPR infection. Sleeved pods in general had lower rates of PPR infection compared to pods treated with nematode or untreated pods (control). In these two applications, the rate of disease incidence was 7.8% and 8.3% per week respectively. The study implies that biological control using entomopathogenic S. carpocapsae and degradable plastic sleeves are effective and environmentally-friendly to control C. cramerella and P. palmivora on cocoa.

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Taxonomy and systematics.

Cited by 139 publications

References 0 publications

Olfaction shapes host–parasite interactions in parasitic nematodes

Olfaction shapes host–parasite interactions in parasitic nematodes

An Overview of the Vine Mealybug (Planococcus ficus) in South African Vineyards and the Use of Entomopathogenic Nematodes as Potential Biocontrol Agent

CONTROL OF COCOA POD BORER AND PHYTOPHTHORA POD ROT USING DEGRADABLE PLASTIC POD SLEEVES AND A NEMATODE, Steinernema carpocapsae

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