Taxonomy and phylogeny of European <I>Gymnopus</I> subsection <I>Levipedes</I> (Basidiomycota, <I>Omphalotaceae</I>)

Abstract

The systematic integrity of European Gymnopus subsect. Levipedes is verified based on anatomic-morphological characters with support from DNA sequences of ITS and translation elongation factor 1-alpha genes. Seven species (G. alpinus, G. aquosus, G. dryophilus – including var. lanipes, G. erythropus, G. fagiphilus, G. hybridus, and G. ocior) belonging to this subsection are included. We clarify the concepts of G. dryophilus and G. ocior, which were occasionally confused in older literature. Due to unavailability of previously selected neotype of G. dryophilus the substitute neotype specimen is selected. Gymnopus dryophilus var. lanipes is confirmed as a variety; no important differences from nominotypical variability were detected. All discriminative characters used for identification of these species are discussed in detail. An identification key is also provided.

Phylogenetic Identification of KoreanGymnopusspp. and the First Report of 3 Species:G. iocephalus,G. polygrammus, andG. subnudus

“…1). Despite the differences among the target taxa, several parts of our phylogenetic tree were found to be similar to trees from other studies [148]. Most of our specimens were clustered with the 6 known species: G. confluens (Pers.)…”

“…To analyze each species, closely related sequences of Gymnopus spp. and reference sequences from other studies were retrieved from GenBank [148]. The determined sequences were proofread and aligned using MAFFT 7.130 [9] and modified manually in the MacClade 4.08 software [10].…”

“…Roussel ( Omphalotaceae , Agaricales ) is a large fungal genus, which consists of ~300 species and is distributed all over the world. It is characterized by a collybioid mushroom; convex to applanate or slightly concave pileus; free, emarginate or adnate and crowded to fairly distant lamellae; central stipe; white spore print; nonamyloid or nondextrinoid hyphae with clamp; ellipsoid to oblong, thin-walled, hyaline, nonamyloid basidiospores; often present cheilocystidia; and usually absent pleurocystidia [1]. The morphological characteristics of Gymnopus are similar to those of other genera: Marasmius ( Marasmiaceae , Agaricales ) Fr.…”

Phylogenetic and chemical studies in the potential psychotropic species complex of <I>Psilocybe atrobrunnea</I> with taxonomic and nomenclatural notes

“…Nuclear DNA was extracted from a small piece of dried or frozen fungal biomass (a piece of basidiome) using the Nucleo-Spin ® Plant II extraction kit (Macherey-Nagel) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Three distinct molecular markers were used to study phylogeny of selected Psilocybe species: partial sequences of the divergent D1-D2 domain at the 5’ end of the nuclear LSU rRNA gene ( Maruyama et al 2003 , 2006 ), ITS rDNA region containing ITS1, 5.8S, and ITS2 sequences ( Pornpakakul et al 2009 , Kallifatidis et al 2014 ), and part of the elongation factor 1-α (EF1-α) ( Antonín et al 2009 , 2013 , Tomšovský et al 2010 ). Oligonucleotide primers and PCR conditions were used as published previously ( Borovička et al 2011 ).…”

Transatlantic disjunction in fleshy fungi III: Gymnopus confluens

“…In Europe, several compendia were available (Kühner and Romagnesi 1953;Moser 1978); but Antonín and Noordeloos (Antonín and Noordeloos 1993;Antonín and Noordeloos 2010) and Antonín et al (2013) summarized Gymnopus for Europe and arranged the taxa according to Mata et al's recent phylogenetic treatment .…”