Abstract:The Hoplias malabaricus species group represents one of the most complexes taxonomical problems in the systematics of Neotropical fishes, including specimens widely distributed in most drainages of South America and part of Central America with great variation or overlap of putative diagnostic characters. The large number of nominal species, many of which without known type material, renders the problem more complicated. Currently, at least three nominal species can be included in the Hoplias malabaricus speci… Show more
“…All analyses suggest that Hoplias malabaricus is a species complex containing two well‐structured lineages that, despite being morphologically indistinguishable, co‐occur at the same locations in the Catatumbo and Ranchería rivers without much gene exchange. Hoplias malabaricus is a widespread complex distributed in most drainages of South America (Mattox, Bifi, & Oyakawa, ; Rosso et al, ) that may in fact include many different species throughout its range. Cytogenetic studies have also reported sympatric lineages of H. malabaricus in the Doce River in Brazil and in the Ctalamochita River in Argentina with co‐occurring individuals having different karyotypes (Born & Bertollo, ; Grassi, Swarça, Dergam, Pastori, & Fenocchio, ; Jacobina, Paiva, & Dergam, ).…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Cytogenetic studies have also reported sympatric lineages of H. malabaricus in the Doce River in Brazil and in the Ctalamochita River in Argentina with co‐occurring individuals having different karyotypes (Born & Bertollo, ; Grassi, Swarça, Dergam, Pastori, & Fenocchio, ; Jacobina, Paiva, & Dergam, ). Hoplias microlepis (formerly H. malabaricus ) has been recently described from the Pacific drainages of Panamá and Southwestern Costa Rica based on examination of syntypes and other specimens (Mattox et al, ). Ultimately, our results highlight the need of a comprehensive phylogeographic analysis of the H. malabaricus species complex based on material collected throughout its distributional range as well as an in‐depth taxonomic revision, including the description of many potential new species.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Cytogenetic studies have also reported sympatric lineages of H. malabaricus in the Doce River in Brazil and in the Ctalamochita River in Argentina with co-occurring individuals having different karyotypes (Born & Bertollo, 2006;Grassi, Swarça, Dergam, Pastori, & Fenocchio, 2017;Jacobina, Paiva, & Dergam, 2011). Hoplias microlepis (formerly H. malabaricus) has been recently described from the Pacific drainages of Panamá and Southwestern Costa Rica based on examination of syntypes and other specimens (Mattox et al, 2014).…”
Section: Lineage Delimitationmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Hoplias malabaricus is a widespread complex distributed in most drainages of South America (Mattox, Bifi, & Oyakawa, 2014;Rosso et al, 2018) that may in fact include many different species throughout its range. Cytogenetic studies have also reported sympatric lineages of H. malabaricus in the Doce River in Brazil and in the Ctalamochita River in Argentina with co-occurring individuals having different karyotypes (Born & Bertollo, 2006;Grassi, Swarça, Dergam, Pastori, & Fenocchio, 2017;Jacobina, Paiva, & Dergam, 2011).…”
The Neotropical region represents one of the greatest biodiversity hot spots on earth. Despite its unparalleled biodiversity, regional comparative phylogeographic studies are still scarce, with most focusing on model clades (e.g. birds) and typically examining a handful of loci. Here, we apply a genome‐wide comparative phylogeographic approach to test hypotheses of codiversification of freshwater fishes in the trans‐Andean region. Using target capture methods, we examined exon data for over 1,000 loci combined with complete mitochondrial genomes to study the phylogeographic history of five primary fish species (>150 individuals) collected from eight major river basins in Northwestern South America and Lower Central America. To assess their patterns of genetic structure, we inferred genealogical concordance taking into account all major aspects of phylogeography (within loci, across multiple genes, across species and among biogeographic provinces). Based on phylogeographic concordance factors, we tested four a priori biogeographic hypotheses, finding support for three of them and uncovering a novel, unexpected pattern of codiversification. The four emerging inter‐riverine patterns are as follows: (a) Tuira + Atrato, (b) Ranchería + Catatumbo, (c) Magdalena system and (d) Sinú + Atrato. These patterns are interpreted as shared responses to the complex uplifting and orogenic processes that modified or sundered watersheds, allowing codiversification and speciation over geological time. We also find evidence of cryptic speciation in one of the species examined and instances of mitochondrial introgression in others. These results help further our knowledge of the historical geographic factors shaping the outstanding biodiversity of the Neotropics.
“…All analyses suggest that Hoplias malabaricus is a species complex containing two well‐structured lineages that, despite being morphologically indistinguishable, co‐occur at the same locations in the Catatumbo and Ranchería rivers without much gene exchange. Hoplias malabaricus is a widespread complex distributed in most drainages of South America (Mattox, Bifi, & Oyakawa, ; Rosso et al, ) that may in fact include many different species throughout its range. Cytogenetic studies have also reported sympatric lineages of H. malabaricus in the Doce River in Brazil and in the Ctalamochita River in Argentina with co‐occurring individuals having different karyotypes (Born & Bertollo, ; Grassi, Swarça, Dergam, Pastori, & Fenocchio, ; Jacobina, Paiva, & Dergam, ).…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Cytogenetic studies have also reported sympatric lineages of H. malabaricus in the Doce River in Brazil and in the Ctalamochita River in Argentina with co‐occurring individuals having different karyotypes (Born & Bertollo, ; Grassi, Swarça, Dergam, Pastori, & Fenocchio, ; Jacobina, Paiva, & Dergam, ). Hoplias microlepis (formerly H. malabaricus ) has been recently described from the Pacific drainages of Panamá and Southwestern Costa Rica based on examination of syntypes and other specimens (Mattox et al, ). Ultimately, our results highlight the need of a comprehensive phylogeographic analysis of the H. malabaricus species complex based on material collected throughout its distributional range as well as an in‐depth taxonomic revision, including the description of many potential new species.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Cytogenetic studies have also reported sympatric lineages of H. malabaricus in the Doce River in Brazil and in the Ctalamochita River in Argentina with co-occurring individuals having different karyotypes (Born & Bertollo, 2006;Grassi, Swarça, Dergam, Pastori, & Fenocchio, 2017;Jacobina, Paiva, & Dergam, 2011). Hoplias microlepis (formerly H. malabaricus) has been recently described from the Pacific drainages of Panamá and Southwestern Costa Rica based on examination of syntypes and other specimens (Mattox et al, 2014).…”
Section: Lineage Delimitationmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Hoplias malabaricus is a widespread complex distributed in most drainages of South America (Mattox, Bifi, & Oyakawa, 2014;Rosso et al, 2018) that may in fact include many different species throughout its range. Cytogenetic studies have also reported sympatric lineages of H. malabaricus in the Doce River in Brazil and in the Ctalamochita River in Argentina with co-occurring individuals having different karyotypes (Born & Bertollo, 2006;Grassi, Swarça, Dergam, Pastori, & Fenocchio, 2017;Jacobina, Paiva, & Dergam, 2011).…”
The Neotropical region represents one of the greatest biodiversity hot spots on earth. Despite its unparalleled biodiversity, regional comparative phylogeographic studies are still scarce, with most focusing on model clades (e.g. birds) and typically examining a handful of loci. Here, we apply a genome‐wide comparative phylogeographic approach to test hypotheses of codiversification of freshwater fishes in the trans‐Andean region. Using target capture methods, we examined exon data for over 1,000 loci combined with complete mitochondrial genomes to study the phylogeographic history of five primary fish species (>150 individuals) collected from eight major river basins in Northwestern South America and Lower Central America. To assess their patterns of genetic structure, we inferred genealogical concordance taking into account all major aspects of phylogeography (within loci, across multiple genes, across species and among biogeographic provinces). Based on phylogeographic concordance factors, we tested four a priori biogeographic hypotheses, finding support for three of them and uncovering a novel, unexpected pattern of codiversification. The four emerging inter‐riverine patterns are as follows: (a) Tuira + Atrato, (b) Ranchería + Catatumbo, (c) Magdalena system and (d) Sinú + Atrato. These patterns are interpreted as shared responses to the complex uplifting and orogenic processes that modified or sundered watersheds, allowing codiversification and speciation over geological time. We also find evidence of cryptic speciation in one of the species examined and instances of mitochondrial introgression in others. These results help further our knowledge of the historical geographic factors shaping the outstanding biodiversity of the Neotropics.
“…Recently, cryptic diversity doubling the original number of valid species was detected within the genus Curimatopsis (Melo, Ochoa, Vari, & Oliveira, ). The Hoplias malabaricus species complex has been receiving particular attention during recent years (Mattox, Bifi, & Oyakawa, ) and two new species (Azpelicueta, Benítez, Aichino, & Mendez, ; Rosso et al, ) have been formally described recently. Cryptic diversity in the freshwater pufferfish genus Colomesus (Amaral, Brito, Silva, & Carvalho, ), and in pencilfishes of the genus Nannostomus (Benzaquem, Oliveira, da Silva Batista, Zuanon, & Porto, ) have also been revealed.…”
Four valid species are currently recognized in the Neotropical migratory genus Salminus: Salminus brasiliensis, Salminus franciscanus, Salminus hilarii and Salminus affinis. However, molecular evidence strongly suggested that two different species might be contained under the taxonomic denomination Salminus brasiliensis. Therefore, the geographical distribution of each entity was evaluated in order to understand their contribution to the different stocks of major river networks in South America.
Major river networks of the La Plata River basin were explored to characterize the geographical distribution of the two genetic lineages. To characterize further the genetic partitioning within each lineage of S. brasiliensis, a haplotype analysis was conducted. The 5′ region of the mitochondrial COI gene was used as the molecular marker. In total, 45 fish samples of S. brasiliensis from 19 sites in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay were sequenced. Additional COI sequences of S. brasiliensis, S. franciscanus and S. hilarii were gathered from public databases.
All samples of S. brasiliensis comprised two different mitochondrial lineages. Accordingly, phylogenetic tree topologies segregated the complete set of sequences into two disparate clusters. One of these clusters was far closer phylogenetically to S. hilarii than to other S. brasiliensis.
While one of the genetic lineages of S. brasiliensis seemed mostly restricted to the upper Paraná River, the other showed a widespread distribution along major river networks of the basin.
Fifteen unique haplotypes were identified and collapsed. Salminus hilarii and S. franciscanus have private haplotypes. In S. brasiliensis, each mitochondrial lineage also hosts a set of unshared haplotypes.
The sympatry of two different putative species within S. brasiliensis together with their unshared haplotypes present a difficult situation for management and conservation that calls for timely solutions.
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