“…Food web studies combining different approaches (e.g. Valverde et al, 2020 ) are also needed to advance our understanding of the interactions between freshwater and marine species in the Panama Canal.…”
Interoceanic canals can facilitate biological invasions as they connect the world's oceans and remove dispersal barriers between bioregions. As a consequence, multiple opportunities for biotic exchange arise and the resulting establishment of migrant species often causes adverse ecological and economic impacts. The Panama Canal is a key region for biotic exchange as it connects the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans in Central America. In this study, we used two complementary methods (environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding and gillnetting) to survey fish communities in this unique waterway. Using COI (cytochrome oxidase subunit I) metabarcoding, we detected a total of 142 fish species, including evidence for the presence of sixteen Atlantic and eight Pacific marine fish in different freshwater sections of the Canal. Of these, nine are potentially new records. Molecular data did not capture all species caught with gillnets, but generally provided a more complete image of the known fish fauna as more small‐bodied fish species were detected. Diversity indices based on eDNA surveys revealed significant differences across different sections of the Canal reflecting in part the prevailing environmental conditions. The observed increase in the presence of marine fish species in the Canal indicates a growing potential for interoceanic fish invasions. The potential ecological and evolutionary consequences of this increase in marine fishes are not only restricted to the fish fauna in the Canal as they could also impact adjacent ecosystems in the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans.
“…Food web studies combining different approaches (e.g. Valverde et al, 2020 ) are also needed to advance our understanding of the interactions between freshwater and marine species in the Panama Canal.…”
Interoceanic canals can facilitate biological invasions as they connect the world's oceans and remove dispersal barriers between bioregions. As a consequence, multiple opportunities for biotic exchange arise and the resulting establishment of migrant species often causes adverse ecological and economic impacts. The Panama Canal is a key region for biotic exchange as it connects the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans in Central America. In this study, we used two complementary methods (environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding and gillnetting) to survey fish communities in this unique waterway. Using COI (cytochrome oxidase subunit I) metabarcoding, we detected a total of 142 fish species, including evidence for the presence of sixteen Atlantic and eight Pacific marine fish in different freshwater sections of the Canal. Of these, nine are potentially new records. Molecular data did not capture all species caught with gillnets, but generally provided a more complete image of the known fish fauna as more small‐bodied fish species were detected. Diversity indices based on eDNA surveys revealed significant differences across different sections of the Canal reflecting in part the prevailing environmental conditions. The observed increase in the presence of marine fish species in the Canal indicates a growing potential for interoceanic fish invasions. The potential ecological and evolutionary consequences of this increase in marine fishes are not only restricted to the fish fauna in the Canal as they could also impact adjacent ecosystems in the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans.
“…were unable to threaten the survival of Cichla spp. that thrived in Corumbá, Paraná, Orinoco and Rio Negro – Guainía (Brazil) after they escaped from aquaculture pens ( Simberloff and Stiling, 1996 ; Shafland, 1999b ; Mack et al., 2000 ; Gomiero and Braga, 2004 ; Neal et al., 2006 ; Fugi et al., 2008 ; Pelicice and Agostinho, 2009 ; Valverde et al., 2019 ).…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…in North and South America, Middle East, Africa and Asia. et al, 2000;Gomiero and Braga, 2004;Neal et al, 2006;Fugi et al, 2008;Pelicice and Agostinho, 2009;Valverde et al, 2019).…”
Peacock bass (Cichla spp.) originates from the Neotropical environments of Brazil and Venezuela but, through trade and smuggling for aquarium keeping, sport fishing and aquaculture, it is now an emerging concern. Yet, less is known for Cichla spp. distribution and its ability to invade new environments. Aimed to communicate on Cichla spp. ecology, biology and introduction schemes from Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar and also National Centre for Biotechnology Information, this review also contains management strategies for invading fish species. While Cichla spp. can displace native fish populations, this concern is explained using ecological functions, physiological demands, direct and secondary invasion, disease tolerance and parasite spillover. Briefly, Cichla spp. has rapid embryogenesis (72 h) and matures in short periods (11-12 months), giving it an advantage to colonize new environments. With a large appetite, this true piscivore gains territorial control over water bodies by making it their feeding and nursery grounds. Perceived as an emerging concern after becoming introduced, seal-off or sport fishing were used to manage Cichla spp. but, this practice is not sustainable for the entire ecosystem. Hence, we recommend bottom-up management that involves community participation because they interact with the fish and have knowledge about their environment.
“…Third, unmeasured increases in the biomass at the base of the food web (e.g., due to eutrophication) may facilitate the coexistence of multiple higher consumers. Either way, the addition of so many non‐native carnivores without any associated extirpations of native carnivores (Sharpe et al, 2017; Valverde et al, 2020) might suggest that the original food web of Gatun was not saturated. This echoes earlier findings from the same watershed, where biotic interchange following the completion of the Panama Canal led to increases in local species richness and no extirpations, suggesting local freshwater fish communities were not saturated (Smith et al, 2004).…”
Biological invasions are expected to alter food web structure, but there are limited empirical data directly comparing invaded versus uninvaded food webs, particularly in species‐rich, tropical systems. We characterize for the first time the food web of Lake Gatun – a diverse and highly‐invaded tropical freshwater lake within the Panama Canal. We used stable isotope analysis to reconstruct the trophic structure of the fish community of Lake Gatun, and to compare it to that of a minimally‐invaded reference lake, Lake Bayano. We found significant differences between the trophic structures of these two Neotropical lakes, notably that Lake Gatun's fish community was characterized by a longer food chain, greater isotopic diversity, a broader range of trophic positions and body sizes, and shifts in the isotopic positions of several native taxa relative to Lake Bayano. The degree of isotopic overlap between native and non‐native trophic guilds in Lake Gatun was variable, with herbivores exhibiting the lowest (20 – 29%) overlap, and carnivores the greatest (81 – 100%). Overall, our results provide some of the first empirical evidence for the ways in which multiple introduced and native species may partition isotopic space in a species‐rich tropical freshwater food web.
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