TAS2R38 and Its Influence on Smoking Behavior and Glucose Homeostasis in the German Sorbs

Lee

et al. 2016

Sci Rep

The human TAS2R38 gene encodes a bitter taste receptor that regulates the bitterness perception and differentiation of ingested nutritional/poisonous compounds in the oral cavity and gastrointestinal tract. TAS2R38 gene variants are associated with alterations in individual sensitivity to bitter taste and food intake; hence, these genetic variants may modify the risk for diet-related diseases, including cancer. However, little is known about the association between TAS2R38 polymorphisms and gastric cancer susceptibility. The present case-control study examined the influence of TAS2R38 polymorphisms on food intake and determined whether they predict gastric cancer risk in Koreans. A total of 1,580 subjects, including 449 gastric cancer cases, were genotyped for TAS2R38 A49P, V262A, I296V and diplotypes. Dietary data were analysed to determine the total consumption of energy, fibre, vegetables, fruits, sweets, fats, alcohol and cigarettes. TAS2R38 diplotype was not associated with food, alcohol or cigarette consumption, either independent or dependent of gastric cancer phenotype. However, the PAV/AVI diplotype significantly increased gastric cancer risk (adjusted odds ratio: 1.513; 95% confidence interval: 1.148–1.994) independent of dietary intake. Findings suggest that TAS2R38 may be associated with the risk for gastric cancer in Koreans, although the TAS2R38 diplotype did not influence dietary intake.

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Genetic Variation in the TAS2R38 Bitter Taste Receptor and Gastric Cancer Risk in Koreans

Lee

et al. 2016

Sci Rep

American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Phys

“…There are ϳ30 T2Rs expressed in humans. T2Rs are most abundant in the tongue, and T2R polymorphisms (e.g., T2R38) that impair the ability to taste bitter compounds have been correlated with populations that are more nicotine dependent and/or heavy smokers (80,97). Furthermore, when tongue tissue was compared for T2R mRNA expression in smokers vs. nonsmokers, overall T2R gene expression was reduced in the smoking compared with the nonsmoking group (8).…”

Section: Will Nicotine and Chemical Constituents In E-liquids/e-cigs mentioning

confidence: 99%

Will chronic e-cigarette use cause lung disease?

Rowell

Tarran

2015

103

Chronic tobacco smoking is a major cause of preventable morbidity and mortality worldwide. In the lung, tobacco smoking increases the risk of lung cancer, and also causes chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which encompasses both emphysema and chronic bronchitis. E-cigarettes (E-Cigs), or electronic nicotine delivery systems, were developed over a decade ago and are designed to deliver nicotine without combusting tobacco. Although tobacco smoking has declined since the 1950s, E-Cig usage has increased, attracting both former tobacco smokers and never smokers. E-Cig liquids (e-liquids) contain nicotine in a glycerol/propylene glycol vehicle with flavorings, which are vaporized and inhaled. To date, neither E-Cig devices, nor e-liquids, are regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The FDA has proposed a deeming rule, which aims to initiate legislation to regulate E-Cigs, but the timeline to take effect is uncertain. Proponents of E-Cigs say that they are safe and should not be regulated. Opposition is varied, with some opponents proposing that E-Cig usage will introduce a new generation to nicotine addiction, reversing the decline seen with tobacco smoking, or that E-Cigs generally may not be safe and will trigger diseases like tobacco. In this review, we shall discuss what is known about the effects of E-Cigs on the mammalian lung and isolated lung cells in vitro. We hope that collating this data will help illustrate gaps in the knowledge of this burgeoning field, directing researchers toward answering whether or not E-Cigs are capable of causing disease.

Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology, J Nutr Sci Vit

“…Variations in TAS2R43 affect bitter sensitivity to alloin and saccharin (23). Polymorphisms in TAS2Rs have also been analyzed in relation to dietary behavior, food and nutrient intakes, obesity or lifestyle-related diseases (24)(25)(26)(27)(28). Dotson et al reported that variation in TAS2R13 is associated with differences in alcohol consumption in cancer patients (26).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Dotson et al reported that variation in TAS2R13 is associated with differences in alcohol consumption in cancer patients (26). Keller et al reported that PTC tasters for TAS2R38 tend to show lower alcohol and cigarette intakes (28). TAS2Rs are also known to be involved in non-gustatory physiology and pathology, including susceptibility to various diseases.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Genotyping Analysis of Bitter-Taste Receptor Genes <i>TAS2R38</i> and <i>TAS2R46</i> in Japanese Patients with Gastrointestinal Cancers

Yamaki

Saito

Isono

et al. 2017

Summary Type-2 bitter-taste receptors (TAS2Rs) are important for the evaluation of food quality and the nutritional control in animals. Mutations in some TAS2Rs including TAS2R38 are known to increase susceptibility to various diseases. However, the involvement of TAS2Rs in cancers has not been well understood. We conducted a pilot study by genotyping two TAS2R genes, TAS2R38 and TAS2R46, in Japanese cancer patients diagnosed with the following types of cancer: biliary tract cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, pancreatic cancer, colorectal cancer and gastric cancer. We selected the two TAS2Rs because they carry virtually non-functional alleles in human populations. We found that cancer risk is not associated with any TAS2R46 genotypes since there were no significant differences in genotype frequencies between cancer patients and controls. On the other hand, we confirmed that phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) non-tasters homozygous (AVI/AVI) for TAS2R38 were more frequent among Japanese cancer patients than those among controls as suggested in a previous study. The AVI/AVI genotype was therefore considered to increases cancer risk. In contrast, we also found that homozygous (PAV/PAV) PTC tasters are less frequent among cancer patients, suggesting that the PAV/PAV is a cancer resistant genotype that decreases cancer risk. Genotype frequencies for heterozygous AVI/PAV genotype were not significantly different between the two groups. It is suggested that the risk and resistance of cancers is antagonistically controlled by the two TAS2R38 alleles, PAV and AVI, rather than by the AVI allele alone.