Target penetration and impact analysis of intermetallic projectiles

Cagle, Colton; Hill, Kevin J.; Woodruff, Connor; Pantoya, Michelle L.; Abraham, Joseph

doi:10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2019.103427

Cited by 13 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…The strain rates characterising the HVI discussed in this work are estimated to be in the ranges of 4 ÷ 5 * 10 5 s −1 , and, therefore, the term k in Dquation (8) is associated with the significant increase of yield strength experienced by the armour steel plates during the impacts. The estimated strain rate values were obtained by dividing the impact velocities by the thickness of the plate, as discussed by Cagle et al [ 8 ]. The values obtained align with indications by Zukas [ 9 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Aydelotte et al [ 1 , 2 ] and Beason et al [ 3 ], among others, linked impact-induced fracture of IRM to IIER. In the case of MREs, an oxide reduction is responsible for the IIER, while the reaction experienced by IRM is an intermetallic formation reaction, manifesting as heat release rather than pressure rise, as Aydelotte [ 1 ] and Cagle [ 8 ] observed. However, even considering the significantly different nature of the reactions, the macroscopic effects of IIER are considerably similar, and peak temperatures are in the same range.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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High-Velocity Impacts of Pyrophoric Alloy Fragments on Thin Armour Steel Plates

et al. 2021

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The terminal ballistics effects of Intermetallic Reactive Materials (IRM) fragments have been the object of intense research in recent years. IRM fragments flying at velocities up to 2000 m/s represent a realistic threat in modern warfare scenarios as these materials are substituting conventional solutions in defense applications. The IRM add Impact Induced Energy Release (IIER) to the mechanical interaction with a target. Therefore, the necessity of investigations on IIER to quantify potential threats to existing protection systems. In this study, Mixed Rare Earths (MRE) fragments were used due to the mechanical and pyrophoric affinity with IRM, the commercial availability and cost-effectiveness. High-Velocity Impacts (HVI) of MRE were performed at velocities ranging from 800 to 1600 m/s and recorded using a high-speed camera. 70 MREs cylindrical fragments and 24 steel fragments were shot on armour steel plates with thicknesses ranging from 2 mm to 3 mm. The influence of the impact pitch angle (α) on HVI outcomes was assessed, defining a threshold value at α of 20°. The influence of the failure modes of MRE and steel fragments on the critical impact velocities (CIV) and critical kinetic energy (Ekin crit) was evaluated. An energy-based model was developed and fitted with sufficient accuracy the Normalised EKin crit (E˜kincrit) determined from the experiments. IIER was observed in all the experiments involving MRE. From the analyses, it was observed that the IIER spreads behind the targets with velocities comparable to the residual velocities of plugs and shattered fragment.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-Velocity Impacts of Pyrophoric Alloy Fragments on Thin Armour Steel Plates

et al. 2021

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“…Reactive materials, such as metal/polymer mixture [1][2][3], thermites [4][5][6], metal-hydride mixture [7][8][9] and intermetallic compounds [10][11][12], are a unique class of materials known for their ability to initiate and release substantial energy when subjected to dynamic loads. Among these, metal/polymer mixtures, exemplified by PTFE/Al, have gained prominence due to their capability to react in oxygen-free environments [13,14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An approach to distinguish chemical and kinetic energy of reactive materials: PTFE/LiF as an inert substitute to PTFE/Al

Zhou,

Zhao,

Wang

et al. 2024

Propellants Explo Pyrotec

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To distinguish between the kinetic and chemical contributions in the impact of PTFE/Al, this study explores the feasibility of introducing an inert substitute for PTFE/Al by substituting aluminum (Al) with inert materials. Three specimens were fabricated through a process involving mixing, compression, and sintering of raw materials The mechanical properties of these specimens were assessed. Dynamic fragmentation tests of PTFE/Al and PTFE/LiF specimens were performed. These results further substantiate the potential of PTFE/LiF as an inert alternative to PTFE/Al, the two materials exhibit comparable fragmentation distribution characteristics. A preliminary exploration of the energy release in both materials was conducted via vented chamber calorimetry tests. The findings reveal that, at an impact velocity of roughly 650 m/s, only 66.9 % of the materials were deposited into the chamber, with a mere 17.8 % being initiated, about 88.9 % of the total deposited energy results from the chemical reaction energy within the PTFE/Al materials. Importantly, this method demonstrates promise for further application in energy release analysis experiments for various PTFE/Al‐based reactive materials. These findings are beneficial for evaluating the energy release characteristics of reactive fragments on typical targets and lay the foundation for refining energy release models of such materials in future research.

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“…The large amounts of energy released by energetic materials enables the replacement of conventional materials in new types of weapons [1][2][3]. Among them, the rapid reaction phenomenon and high exothermicity between the shock-induced chemical reaction (SICR) of the Fe-Al composite energetic material attract an increasing number of researchers [4][5][6][7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular-Dynamics Study on the Impact Energy Release Characteristics of Fe–Al Energetic Jets

Jiang

2021

Materials

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Fe–Al energetic material releases a large amount of energy under impact loading; therefore, it can replace traditional materials and be used in new weapons. This paper introduces the macroscopic experiment and microscopic molecular-dynamics simulation research on the energy release characteristics of Fe–Al energetic jets under impact loading. A macroscopic dynamic energy acquisition test system was established to quantitatively obtain the composition of Fe–Al energetic jet reaction products. A momentum mirror impacting the Fe–Al particle molecular model was established and the microstructure evolution and impact thermodynamic response of Fe–Al particles under impact loading were analyzed. The mechanism of multi-scale shock-induced chemical reaction of Fe–Al energetic jets is discussed. The results show that the difference in velocity between Fe and Al atoms at the shock wave fronts is the cause of the shock-induced reaction; when the impact strength is low, the Al particles are disordered and amorphous, while the Fe particles remain in their original state and only the oxidation reaction of Al and a small amount intermetallic compound reaction occur. With the increase of impact strength, Al particles and Fe particles are completely disordered and amorphized in a high-temperature and high-pressure environment, fully mixed and penetrated. The temperature of the system rises rapidly, due to a violent thermite reaction, and the energy released by the jet shows an increasing trend; there is an impact intensity threshold, so that the jet release energy reaches the upper limit.

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Target penetration and impact analysis of intermetallic projectiles

Cited by 13 publications

References 8 publications

High-Velocity Impacts of Pyrophoric Alloy Fragments on Thin Armour Steel Plates

High-Velocity Impacts of Pyrophoric Alloy Fragments on Thin Armour Steel Plates

An approach to distinguish chemical and kinetic energy of reactive materials: PTFE/LiF as an inert substitute to PTFE/Al

Molecular-Dynamics Study on the Impact Energy Release Characteristics of Fe–Al Energetic Jets

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