Tapping hydrogen fuel from the ocean: A review on photocatalytic, photoelectrochemical and electrolytic splitting of seawater

Dingenen, Fons; Verbruggen, Sammy W.

doi:10.1016/j.rser.2021.110866

Cited by 67 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 185 publications

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“…184 It has been conrmed that the photogenerated charge carriers on the photocatalyst can be efficiently separated with the addition of the bias voltage, resulting in the improvement of the hydrogen production of seawater splitting. 184,186,[233][234][235][236] These results make a major contribution to hydrogen production from seawater pyrolysis. The relevant research progress has been summarized in detail in recent reviews and will not be repeated here.…”

Section: Development Of Nacl-based Electrolytes For Producing Hydrogenmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…The relevant research progress has been summarized in detail in recent reviews and will not be repeated here. 184,186,233 Development of NaCl-based electrolytes for fuel cells Compared with other energy devices, fuel cells have the unique advantages of being pollution-free, noise-free and high efficiency, and are regarded as promising energy-powered devices. 237,238 In particular, solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) as the all-solid power generation device can directly convert chemical energy stored in fuels and oxidants into electricity in an efficient and environmentally-friendly manner at medium to high temperatures.…”

Section: Development Of Nacl-based Electrolytes For Producing Hydrogenmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A review of sodium chloride-based electrolytes and materials for electrochemical energy technology

Wei

Chen

et al. 2022

J. Mater. Chem. A

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Section: Development Of Nacl-based Electrolytes For Producing Hydrogenmentioning

confidence: 93%

Section: Development Of Nacl-based Electrolytes For Producing Hydrogenmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of sodium chloride-based electrolytes and materials for electrochemical energy technology

Wei

Chen

et al. 2022

J. Mater. Chem. A

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“…Already in the first photocatalysis studies, Fujishima and Honda (1972) pointed out the potential of TiO2 [1]. Its ability to produce reactive charge carriers (both conduction band electrons (e -CB) and valence band holes (h + VB)) under appropriate illumination enabled its use in several application fields, e.g., water splitting [2][3][4][5] and environmental remediation [6]. Additional advantages of TiO2 include its chemical stability, low cost and suitable band edge positions [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In that regard, several stabilization techniques have already been investigated. Two general strategies are the embedment in the photocatalyst layer [5] and the formation of protective shells (with, e.g., thiols [24], xanthate [25], and silica [20]). However, these methods do not offer full control over the thickness of the protective layer, which is of paramount importance, since the layer thickness may have a negative effect on the NFE [19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Layer-by-Layer-Stabilized Plasmonic Gold-Silver Nanoparticles on TiO2: Towards Stable Solar Active Photocatalysts

et al. 2021

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To broaden the activity window of TiO2, a broadband plasmonic photocatalyst has been designed and optimized. This plasmonic ‘rainbow’ photocatalyst consists of TiO2 modified with gold–silver composite nanoparticles of various sizes and compositions, thus inducing a broadband interaction with polychromatic solar light. However, these nanoparticles are inherently unstable, especially due to the use of silver. Hence, in this study the application of the layer-by-layer technique is introduced to create a protective polymer shell around the metal cores with a very high degree of control. Various TiO2 species (pure anatase, PC500, and P25) were loaded with different plasmonic metal loadings (0–2 wt %) in order to identify the most solar active composite materials. The prepared plasmonic photocatalysts were tested towards stearic acid degradation under simulated sunlight. From all materials tested, P25 + 2 wt % of plasmonic ‘rainbow’ nanoparticles proved to be the most promising (56% more efficient compared to pristine P25) and was also identified as the most cost-effective. Further, 2 wt % of layer-by-layer-stabilized ‘rainbow’ nanoparticles were loaded on P25. These layer-by-layer-stabilized metals showed superior stability under a heated oxidative atmosphere, as well as in a salt solution. Finally, the activity of the composite was almost completely retained after 1 month of aging, while the nonstabilized equivalent lost 34% of its initial activity. This work shows for the first time the synergetic application of a plasmonic ‘rainbow’ concept and the layer-by-layer stabilization technique, resulting in a promising solar active, and long-term stable photocatalyst.

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“…However, solid oxide electrolysis comes with a few disadvantages, e.g., the relative immaturity of the technology, the energy intensive nature of the process, high cost, low durability, and the need for ultrahigh operating temperatures [44,100]. Solid oxide electrolyzers (Figure 9) are unique on account of their need for high temperature operation, as extra heat input is required in addition to electrical input [29,114,115]. Half-cell reaction at the anode in solid oxide electrolysis is shown in Equation ( 13):…”

Section: Solid Oxide Electrolysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Membrane-Based Electrolysis for Hydrogen Production: A Review

et al. 2021

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Hydrogen is a zero-carbon footprint energy source with high energy density that could be the basis of future energy systems. Membrane-based water electrolysis is one means by which to produce high-purity and sustainable hydrogen. It is important that the scientific community focus on developing electrolytic hydrogen systems which match available energy sources. In this review, various types of water splitting technologies, and membrane selection for electrolyzers, are discussed. We highlight the basic principles, recent studies, and achievements in membrane-based electrolysis for hydrogen production. Previously, the NafionTM membrane was the gold standard for PEM electrolyzers, but today, cheaper and more effective membranes are favored. In this paper, CuCl–HCl electrolysis and its operating parameters are summarized. Additionally, a summary is presented of hydrogen production by water splitting, including a discussion of the advantages, disadvantages, and efficiencies of the relevant technologies. Nonetheless, the development of cost-effective and efficient hydrogen production technologies requires a significant amount of study, especially in terms of optimizing the operation parameters affecting the hydrogen output. Therefore, herein we address the challenges, prospects, and future trends in this field of research, and make critical suggestions regarding the implementation of comprehensive membrane-based electrolytic systems.

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Tapping hydrogen fuel from the ocean: A review on photocatalytic, photoelectrochemical and electrolytic splitting of seawater

Cited by 67 publications

References 185 publications

A review of sodium chloride-based electrolytes and materials for electrochemical energy technology

A review of sodium chloride-based electrolytes and materials for electrochemical energy technology

Layer-by-Layer-Stabilized Plasmonic Gold-Silver Nanoparticles on TiO2: Towards Stable Solar Active Photocatalysts

Membrane-Based Electrolysis for Hydrogen Production: A Review

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