Tap Water Quality Degradation in an Intermittent Water Supply Area

Abstract

Decentralized tap water systems are an important drinking water source worldwide. A good quality, high-pressure continuous water supply (CWS) is always the target of any urban settlement. However, tap water in some areas are reported with deteriorated water quality even though treated well before supplying. Such deterioration of tap water quality is reported widely from areas with low water availability and in economically poor countries where water are supplied intermittently (IWS). This study focuses in identifying tap water quality in IWS and causes of water quality degradation using nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N) as an indicator and stable isotopes of hydrogen (δD) as tracer. Nine water reservoirs and ninety municipal tap water (ten per reservoir) samples were collected during the wet (June–September) and dry (November–February) seasons in the Kathmandu Valley (KV), Nepal. Ten percent of the tap water samples exhibited higher NO3-N than those of their respective reservoirs during the wet season, while 16% exhibited higher concentrations during the dry season. Similarly, the isotopic signatures of tap water exhibited 3% and 23% higher concentrations than those of their respective reservoirs during the wet and dry seasons, respectively. Coupling analysis between NO3-N and δD demonstrates close connection of groundwater and tap water. The results indicate groundwater intrusion as the primary component in controlling tap water quality variations within the same distribution networks during IWS. Meanwhile, the obtained results also indicate probable areas of intrusion in the KV as well as usefulness of δD as a tool in the assessment of tap water systems.

Utilization Management to Ensure Clean Water Sources in Coastal Areas

“…The average levels of nitrate (NO3) and nitrite (NO2) at the observation points met the standard, with the exception of point 5. A nitrate NO3 analysis of groundwater pollution is required [72], and testing of nitrate (NO3), nitrite (NO2), and ammonia (NH4) levels is required to determine the required threshold [73].…”

The Analysis of Groundwater Quality for Drinking Purposes: A Case Study of Universitas Muhammadiyah Makassar Area

“…It is important to note that drinking water is defined as processed or unprocessed water that meets health requirements and can be consumed exclusively (Prayoga et al, 2021;WHO, 2011). Water with high quality is required to satisfy physical, chemical, and bacteriological standards (Naily et al, 2018;Syafrudin et al, 2021;Shakya et al, 2022). The physical parameters analyzed were color, temperature, TDS, odor, and taste and the results showed variations based on the 30 m and 100 m depth.…”

“…The limited source of surface water is caused by the decrease in vegetation density and the opening of the land surface due to land use for agricultural needs (Arsyad et al, 2014;Adimalla and Li, 2019;Nanda et al, 2020). The quality of groundwater that is suitable for consumption as drinking water must be tested for physical, chemical, and biological parameters (Putranto et al, 2017;Naily et al, 2018;Ibrahim, 2019;Syafrudin et al, 2021;Shakya et al, 2022). The quality of drinking water is an important concern, especially in urban areas where the population mainly relies on groundwater for drinking.…”

Car service station wastewater treatment using electrocoagulation technology

“…The decrease in BOD value is caused by positive charges that will absorb negative ions, and negative and positive charges will meet so that there will be a force of attraction between the two ions, resulting in a strong bond and the formation of a coagulant that will form a floc that can reduce organic compounds in wastewater. 28,29 The results of research conducted by Amri et al 30 state that the electrocoagulation method is effective in reducing BOD parameters with an initial BOD of 513 mg / l obtaining 71.53% BOD removal at a voltage of 12 Volts. It is explained if the voltage affects the metal ionization method at the anode electrode as a determinant of the reaction rate as well as in the electrocoagulation method to reduce BOD parameters, where at the anode electrode the oxidation of aluminum metal takes place as a result, creating Al3 + ions that act as coagulants.…”