Tandemly Repeated Sequences in the Mitochondrial DNA Control Region and Phylogeography of the Pike-PerchesStizostedion

Complete mitochondrial genome of the blackspot seabream, Pagellus bogaraveo (Perciformes: Sparidae), with high levels of length heteroplasmy in the WANCY region

“…Length heteroplasmy has been reported in several fish species but in the control region, owing to the presence of tandem repeats of variable size (Broughton and Dowling, 1997;Bentzen et al, 1998;Faber and Stepien, 1998;Nesbø et al, 1998;Hoarau et al, 2002;Manchado et al, 2007). The ability of these consecutive repeated sequences to fold into a stable secondary structure appears to favour slipped-strand mispairing during mtDNA replication and the gain of new units (Lee et al, 1995;Faber and Stepien, 1998).…”

“…Interestingly, two unusually long (183 nt) identical copies placed in tandem were also identified between positions 233-415 and 416-598. Although the presence of tandem repeats in the control region has been reported in other teleosts, the size of the repeated sequence tends to be smaller (Árnason and Rand, 1992;Lee et al, 1995;Faber and Stepien, 1998;Nesbø et al, 1998;Saitoh et al, 2000;Hoarau et al, 2002;Manchado et al, 2007), but some examples exist in which it is even larger (Broughton and Dowling, 1994;Broughton and Dowling, 1997;Bentzen et al, 1998).…”

Structure and evolution of the mitochondrial control region and flanking sequences in the European cave salamander Proteus anguinus

“…Often difficult to align due to a variable copy number, and not sharing the evolutionary and mutational processes with the rest of the sequence, tandem repeats may bias phylogenetic analyses. Examples of recognition of specific repeats as useful markers for resolving relationships at different levels include shrews (Stewart and Baker, 1994), cyprinid fishes (Broughton and Dowling, 1997), percid fishes (Nesbø et al, 1998;Faber and Stepien, 1998), sturgeons (Ludwig et al, 2000), hornbills (Delport et al, 2002) and leaf beetles (Mardulyn et al, 2003). It is therefore necessary to investigate the information contained in the tandem repeats for each case individually and at different hierarchical levels.…”

Characterization of a mosaic minisatellite locus in the mitochondrial DNA of Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.]

“…In a recent study of cpDNA microsatellite variation in Pinus contorta, the occurrence of recurrent haplotypes has been demonstrated, resulting in a poorly resolved phylogeny (Marshall et al 2002). The high mutation rate observed in mitochondrial minisatellites could also contribute to obscure the phylogenetic signal (Faber and Stepien 1998).…”