Tambo, Oliver (1917–1993)

Callinicos, Luli

doi:10.1002/9781405198073.wbierp1438

Cited by 3 publications

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“…Underlying the anger was the deep unease that the struggle, after almost a decade in exile, had failed.' 77 Joe Matthews later claimed that the ANC leadership did not officially discuss the 'Hani memorandum', and that rather than responding specifically to the document, Tambo proposed that a consultative conference be convened instead. 78 This, however, does not seem to be entirely accurate.…”

Section: Unrest and Crisis In Mkmentioning

confidence: 98%

Transformations in the ANC External Mission and Umkhonto we Sizwe, c. 1960–1969*

Lissoni

2009

Journal of Southern African Studies

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Section: Unrest and Crisis In Mkmentioning

confidence: 98%

Transformations in the ANC External Mission and Umkhonto we Sizwe, c. 1960–1969*

Lissoni

2009

Journal of Southern African Studies

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“…Upon his arrival, he described Ghana as the "Mecca of pan-Africanism." 55 Molotsi, who became the first PAC representative in Accra, was soon joined by other PAC members, including a group headed by Philip Kgosana, the man who had led the famous march from Langa to Cape Town on March 30, 1960. 56 After the ban, even the ANC sent a representative, Tennison Makiwane, to Accra.…”

Section: Sharpeville and The South African Refugee Emergency (1960)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Southern African Liberation Movements in Nkrumah’s Ghana

Grilli¹

2020

Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History

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The first sub-Saharan colony to obtain independence in 1957, Kwame Nkrumah’s Ghana offered shelter and aid to liberation movements from all over the continent. Between 1957 and 1966, hundreds of political activists, refugees, and leaders were hosted in the country. The Ghanaian government offered them financial and political assistance and also provided military training for those involved in armed struggles. As one of the key figures of pan-Africanism, Kwame Nkrumah (1909–1972) actively campaigned for African unity while supporting the independence struggles of African liberation movements. A crucial goal for Nkrumah’s government was to influence African nationalist parties ideologically in order to create a coalition of pan-Africanist movements through which to give birth to the United States of Africa. This political work served to spread Nkrumaism, the ideology crafted by Nkrumah with the aid of the Trinidadian pan-Africanist George Padmore (1903–1959), from Ghana to the rest of the continent. Nkrumah considered the assistance to Southern African liberation movements crucial, especially when, after 1960, the front of African liberation shifted increasingly toward the south. Activists and political refugees from Angola, Mozambique, Nyasaland (Malawi), Northern Rhodesia (Zambia), Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), Swaziland (eSwatini), Basutoland (Lesotho), Bechuanaland (Botswana), South West Africa (Namibia), and South Africa visited and resided in Ghana between 1957 and 1966, using Accra as one of their headquarters for their independence struggles. There, many liberation movements could intermingle, create synergies, exchange ideas, and absorb the knowledge that Ghana could offer. The impact of Nkrumah’s influence was often profound and, even if no liberation movement defined itself as Nkrumaist, many adopted and adapted solutions taken from Nkrumah’s Ghana.

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“…46 Tambo encouraged a spirit of free debate and the exchange of ideas rather than lecturing, promoting the practice of criticism and self-criticism, as was the holding of regular "ANC political meetings" in the military camps to avoid the development of a petty military commandism tendency among the personnel. 47 The task of leadership was described as that of building the "new man" (and woman), as different to that produced by the apartheid system. The concept of the "new man endowed with the ability to help transform society" can be likened to the idea of Christian "disciples" who would carry their work "throughout the inhabited World, at the command 'go ye forth and teach, and teach.'"…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

O. R. Tambo in the Period of the ANC’s Illegality

Mangashe

2019

OHJSA

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Oliver Reginald Tambo’s life is best known by his association with the African National Congress (ANC) and the struggle for liberation, and as having been the foremost leader of the ANC for most of the period of its illegality. Most accounts, however, do not mention O. R. Tambo’s religious beliefs, and in this they pass off an opportunity to highlight what could have been the source of his individual strength, his spirituality. It is this spirituality that this article seeks to highlight and whose depth it seeks to explore. It aims to show that Tambo’s personal religious beliefs were infused with his political outlook and concludes that this composite belief system provided the strength he exuded throughout his service to the struggle for liberation in South Africa. The article looks at how he related to and influenced those he came into contact with, both inside his organisation, the ANC, its military wing Umkhonto We Sizwe (MK), the broader alliance, and those who were outside his close political realm. It looks at how he exercised his leadership qualities, born of his beliefs, under the pressures thrown up by the struggle, and finally how he grasped the moment at the point of the conclusion of that phase of the struggle. This article is informed by a number of sources, including books written on the subject by scholars, those who shared space with O. R. Tambo, some of his speeches, interviews, and occasionally the author’s own experience as part of the MK contingent from the late 1970s.

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Tambo, Oliver (1917–1993)

Cited by 3 publications

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Transformations in the ANC External Mission and Umkhonto we Sizwe, c. 1960–1969*

Transformations in the ANC External Mission and Umkhonto we Sizwe, c. 1960–1969*

Southern African Liberation Movements in Nkrumah’s Ghana

O. R. Tambo in the Period of the ANC’s Illegality

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