“…Tourism is one of the industries that attract considerable numbers of informal actors, and for that reason, the subject has garnered significant scholarly attention (e.g., Çakmak, et al, 2019;Dahles, 1998;Henderson & Smith, 2009;Biggs et al, 2012;Rogerson & Letsie, 2013;Damayanti et al, 2017;Kedir et al, 2018;Pécot et al, 2018;Truong, 2018). For instance, Dahles (1998) conducted a qualitative study in two cities of Bali and Yogyakarta in Indonesia and found that small-scale enterprises were characterised by features that could neither be classified as elements of the formal nor informal economy.…”