Measuring the size of the informal tourism economy in Thailand

Çakmak, Erdinç; Çenesiz, Metin

doi:10.1002/jtr.2362

Cited by 14 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 53 publications

(72 reference statements)

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“…Dengue epidemics may also adversely affect tourism and foreign investment in countries that rely on tourism revenues [12]. Tropical countries have sizable informal economies involving employees with limited or no access to social security and health care, which adds to the burden posed by dengue [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29]. Since 2021, the World Health Organization has listed the control of dengue as one of its top priorities to promote societal benefits and health equity [30].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The macroeconomic impact of a dengue outbreak: Case studies from Thailand and Brazil

Marczell,

García,

Roiz

et al. 2024

PLoS Negl Trop Dis

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Background Dengue is spreading in (sub)tropical areas, and half of the global population is at risk. The macroeconomic impact of dengue extends beyond healthcare costs. This study evaluated the impact of dengue on gross domestic product (GDP) based on approaches tailored to two dengue-endemic countries, Thailand and Brazil, from the tourism and workforce perspectives, respectively. Findings Because the tourism industry is a critical economic sector for Thailand, lost tourism revenues were estimated to analyze the impact of a dengue outbreak. An input-output model estimated that the direct effects (on international tourism) and indirect effects (on suppliers) of dengue on tourism reduced overall GDP by 1.43 billion US dollars (USD) (0.26%) in the outbreak year 2019. The induced effect (reduced employee income/spending) reduced Thailand’s GDP by 375 million USD (0.07%). Overall, lost tourism revenues reduced Thailand’s GDP by an estimated 1.81 billion USD (0.33%) in 2019 (3% of annual tourism revenue). An inoperability input-output model was used to analyze the effect of workforce absenteeism on GDP due to a dengue outbreak in Brazil. This model calculates the number of lost workdays associated with ambulatory and hospitalized dengue. Input was collected from state-level epidemiological and economic data for 2019. An estimated 22.4 million workdays were lost in the employed population; 39% associated with the informal sector. Lost workdays due to dengue reduced Brazil’s GDP by 876 million USD (0.05%). Conclusions The economic costs of dengue outbreaks far surpass the direct medical costs. Dengue reduces overall GDP and inflicts national economic losses. With a high proportion of the population lacking formal employment in both countries and low income being a barrier to seeking care, dengue also poses an equity challenge. A combination of public health measures, like vector control and vaccination, against dengue is recommended to mitigate the broader economic impact of dengue.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The macroeconomic impact of a dengue outbreak: Case studies from Thailand and Brazil

Marczell,

García,

Roiz

et al. 2024

PLoS Negl Trop Dis

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“…In recent years, with the continuous socio-economic development and the improvement of people’s living standards, tourism has a promising future ( Li and Katsumata, 2020 ; Mamirkulova et al, 2020 ) Tourism has increasingly become an important starting point for enhancing social civilization and national cultural soft power ( Wu et al, 2021 ). Economically, tourism is one of the largest sources of export earnings and an important provider of job markets in many countries ( Çakmak and Çenesiz, 2020 ). For example, in particular, some developing countries are using it as a means of economic development to carry out various economic development activities ( Cannonier and Burke, 2019 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The value of tourism public opinion management in social governance: A study on the impact of electronic word-of-mouth perception on people’s livelihood well-being

Xiu-xiang

Jiang

2022

Front. Psychol.

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In the process of tourism market upgrading and tourism iteration, tourism companies will face a more complex public opinion environment. Designing a socialized public opinion management method for tourism with social governance to improve people’s livelihood and well-being has become the primary concern of the tourism industry. Therefore, the existing literature has extensively focused on the role and influence of public opinion word of mouth from the perspective of tourist or consumer behavior. However, moderating role of individual tourist characteristics and environmental elements has not yet been deeply explored. Therefore, integrating with the background of the social media, this study examines how electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM) is related to the well-being of people’s livelihood, and explores the interaction between individual characteristics and eWOM perception in Study 1. Furthermore, in Study 2, we provided novel boundary conditions, namely environmental elements (i.e., physical, social and historical environment). We used mixed methods (i.e., quantitative and experimental designs) to reveal that tourists’ perceptions of eWOM have a significant positive effect on tourists’ well-being experience. The results show that tourists’ eWOM perception has a significant positive impact on their well-being experience. In addition, individual characteristics and environmental elements showed significant moderating effects between eWOM and well-being of people’s livelihood. This study discusses the theoretical and practical implications, exploring the value of tourism public opinion management in social governance centered on tourists’ eWOM perception, which helps tourism companies to effectively prevent and resolve risks affecting social harmony and stability in the field of cultural tourism and create a safe and stable cultural tourism market environment.

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“…Tourism and hospitality scholars have highlighted several aspects related to the informal actors (e.g., Çakmak, 2020; Çakmak et al, 2019; Çakmak & Çenesiz, 2020; Dahles, 1998; Kedir et al, 2018; Mwesiumo et al, 2021; Trupp & Sunanta, 2017). For instance, Mwesiumo et al (2021) studied informal entrepreneurs' effects on formalised tour operators' business performance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perceived threat of informal players: Enhancing the operational performance of inbound tour operators through coopetition

Abdalla

Mwesiumo

Öztüren

et al. 2022

Journal of Tourism Research

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This paper explores the effect of the perceived threat of informal tourism actors on the operational performance of formal actors. Based on data collected from 130 inbound tour operators, the paper develops and tests a conceptual model representing the effect of the perceived threat of informal actors. The analysis has revealed a complementary partial mediation effect of the perceived threat of informal actors on operational performance. The perceived threat of informal actors is significantly associated with operating performance, both directly and indirectly, via increased coopetition among tour operators. The findings provide a basis for theoretical and managerial recommendations.

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Measuring the size of the informal tourism economy in Thailand

Cited by 14 publications

References 53 publications

The macroeconomic impact of a dengue outbreak: Case studies from Thailand and Brazil

The macroeconomic impact of a dengue outbreak: Case studies from Thailand and Brazil

The value of tourism public opinion management in social governance: A study on the impact of electronic word-of-mouth perception on people’s livelihood well-being

Perceived threat of informal players: Enhancing the operational performance of inbound tour operators through coopetition

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