TALE-induced bHLH transcription factors that activate a pectate lyase contribute to water soaking in bacterial spot of tomato

Schwartz, Allison R.; Morbitzer, Robert; Lahaye, Thomas; Staskawicz, Brian J.

doi:10.1073/pnas.1620407114

Cited by 99 publications

(138 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…High humidity also facilitates bacteria to establish an aqueous apoplasitc environment through water accumulation inside the leaves, called water soaking, with the evolutionarily conserved effectors AvrE and HopM1 (Xin et al, 2016). The bacterial hemibiotrophic pathogen Xanthomonas gardneri also causes water soaking in tomato leaves with the transcription activator-like effector AvrHah1, which transcriptionally activates the host transcription factor genes to induce pectin-modifying enzymes (Schwartz et al, 2017). This is likely to promote pectate lyasemediated release of oligosaccharides from the cell wall, thereby increasing water absorbance and bacterial dispersal into the leaf.…”

Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plant immunity in signal integration between biotic and abiotic stress responses

2019

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Summary Plants constantly monitor and cope with the fluctuating environment while hosting a diversity of plant‐inhabiting microbes. The mode and outcome of plant–microbe interactions, including plant disease epidemics, are dynamically and profoundly influenced by abiotic factors, such as light, temperature, water and nutrients. Plants also utilize associations with beneficial microbes during adaptation to adverse conditions. Elucidation of the molecular bases for the plant–microbe–environment interactions is therefore of fundamental importance in the plant sciences. Following advances into individual stress signaling pathways, recent studies are beginning to reveal molecular intersections between biotic and abiotic stress responses and regulatory principles in combined stress responses. We outline mechanisms underlying environmental modulation of plant immunity and emerging roles for immune regulators in abiotic stress tolerance. Furthermore, we discuss how plants coordinate conflicting demands when exposed to combinations of different stresses, with attention to a possible determinant that links initial stress response to broad‐spectrum stress tolerance or prioritization of specific stress tolerance.

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Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plant immunity in signal integration between biotic and abiotic stress responses

2019

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“…Using designer TALEs (dTALEs), ectopic expression of the two bHLH transcriptions and the pectin lyase, but not the pectinesterase, ultimately leads to a water-soaked leaf apoplast upon bacterial infection. Strikingly, tobacco leaf infected with X. gardneri containing AvrHah1 can draw externally added water from the leaf surface into the apoplast (Schwartz et al, 2017). How the pectin lyase causes water-soaking remains to be elucidated.…”

Section: Pathogenic Bacteria Create An Aqueous Habitat In the Leaf Apmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As a major pathogenetic mechanism, many pathogens translocate proteinaceous virulence proteins (called effectors) into host cells, targeting different components of PTI and other forms of plant defense to disarm the plant (reviewed in Jones and Dangl, 2006;Grant et al, 2006;Buttner and He, 2009;Rafiqi et al, 2012). In addition, pathogenic bacteria utilize effectors to create a suitable living environment by redirecting sugar (Chen et al, 2010;Cohn et al, 2014;Cox et al, 2017) and water (Xin et al, 2016;Schwartz et al, 2017) into the extracellular space, where many of them live inside the plant.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of water in plant–microbe interactions

2018

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SUMMARYThroughout their life plants are associated with various microorganisms, including commensal, symbiotic and pathogenic microorganisms. Pathogens are genetically adapted to aggressively colonize and proliferate in host plants to cause disease. However, disease outbreaks occur only under permissive environmental conditions. The interplay between host, pathogen and environment is famously known as the 'disease triangle'. Among the environmental factors, rainfall events, which often create a period of high atmospheric humidity, have repeatedly been shown to promote disease outbreaks in plants, suggesting that the availability of water is crucial for pathogenesis. During pathogen infection, water-soaking spots are frequently observed on infected leaves as an early symptom of disease. Recent studies have shown that pathogenic bacteria dedicate specialized virulence proteins to create an aqueous habitat inside the leaf apoplast under high humidity. Water availability in the apoplastic environment, and probably other associated changes, can determine the success of potentially pathogenic microbes. These new findings reinforce the notion that the fight over water may be a major battleground between plants and pathogens. In this article, we will discuss the role of water availability in host-microbe interactions, with a focus on plant-bacterial interactions.

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“…manihotis activates expression of the sugar transporter MeSWEET10a to induce the formation of watersoaking lesions, thereby establishing a favorable apoplastic environment for the bacterium. Recently, AvrHah1 from X. gardneri has been reported to activate two bHLH transcription factors that upregulate the expression of two pectin modification genes, a pectate lyase and a pectinesterase, consequently inducing watersoaking events in the apoplast at the bacterial infection site (Schwartz et al, 2017).…”

Section: The Nucleus: a Target Of Pathogen Counter-defense That Undermentioning

confidence: 99%

Plant–microbe interactions: organelles and the cytoskeleton in action

et al. 2017

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Contents Summary1012I.Introduction1012II.The endomembrane system in plant–microbe interactions1013III.The cytoskeleton in plant–microbe interactions1017IV.Organelles in plant–microbe interactions1019V.Inter‐organellar communication in plant–microbe interactions1022VI.Conclusions and prospects1023Acknowledgements1024References1024 Summary Plants have evolved a multilayered immune system with well‐orchestrated defense strategies against pathogen attack. Multiple immune signaling pathways, coordinated by several subcellular compartments and interactions between these compartments, play important roles in a successful immune response. Pathogens use various strategies to either directly attack the plant's immune system or to indirectly manipulate the physiological status of the plant to inhibit an immune response. Microscopy‐based approaches have allowed the direct visualization of membrane trafficking events, cytoskeleton reorganization, subcellular dynamics and inter‐organellar communication during the immune response. Here, we discuss the contributions of organelles and the cytoskeleton to the plant's defense response against microbial pathogens, as well as the mechanisms used by pathogens to target these compartments to overcome the plant's defense barrier.

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TALE-induced bHLH transcription factors that activate a pectate lyase contribute to water soaking in bacterial spot of tomato

Cited by 99 publications

References 40 publications

Plant immunity in signal integration between biotic and abiotic stress responses

Plant immunity in signal integration between biotic and abiotic stress responses

The role of water in plant–microbe interactions

Plant–microbe interactions: organelles and the cytoskeleton in action

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