Talairach-Tournoux/Schaltenbrand-Wahren based electronic brain atlas system

Usefulness of brain atlases in neuroradiology: Current status and future potential

“…However, the thalamus plays a critical role, and identification of its individual nuclei is of great importance. In our multi-atlas database, 7,31 we employ the Schaltenbrand–Wahren brain atlas 32 with the Hassler parcellation of the thalamus. As this anatomic parcellation is much higher than that of the interpreted scan, the atlas is able to identify the nuclei involved in a thalamic lesion and label them (and simultaneous use of multiple planes also increases confidence), as illustrated in Figure 4.…”

“…As this anatomic parcellation is much higher than that of the interpreted scan, the atlas is able to identify the nuclei involved in a thalamic lesion and label them (and simultaneous use of multiple planes also increases confidence), as illustrated in Figure 4. Similarly in structural scans, cortical areas or white matter tracts involved in lesions can be determined and labelled by means of the electronic atlases of Brodmann’s areas 31 or brain connections, 33 respectively.…”

“…In our solution, 14 the electronic version of the Talairach atlas extended with Brodmann’s areas is explicitly displayed, and the user can interactively label the activation loci supported by image thresholding (without needing to convert the scan into the Talairach space, measure coordinates of the activation loci, send them to the Talairach Daemon, and receive the names in order to link them manually with the interpreted activations). We use the electronic Talairach atlas, endorsed by Prof. Talairach himself (who wrote the foreword to our electronic atlas 31 ), which is continuously enhanced and extended. 37,38…”

Toward the holistic, reference, and extendable atlas of the human brain, head, and neck

“…We have developed three major families of atlases derived from print materials, in vivo imaging, and population (including patient-specific) data. The print material-based family has been successful, several atlases have been developed [ 7 , 19 – 22 ], and brain atlas libraries incorporated into surgical workstations [ 10 ]. However, despite integration of multiple atlases with complementary contents (gross anatomy [ 23 ], deep structures [ 24 ], brain connections [ 25 ], and sulcal patterns [ 26 ]) within a single system with their enhanced electronic versions [ 27 ] as well as extending these atlases to 3D [ 27 , 28 ], an accurate match of the component atlases and content extension were not feasible.…”

Evolution of Human Brain Atlases in Terms of Content, Applications, Functionality, and Availability

“… Parcellation Use of diverse, often multiple parcellation criteria , from classic cytoarchitecture, myeloarchitecture and gross anatomy to fMRI, chemoarchitecture (Yelnik et al 2007 ), vascular territories (Nowinski et al 2006 ), anatomic connectivity (Mori et al 2005 ), functional connectivity (Arsiwalla et al 2015 ), anatomic-functional connectivity (Fan et al 2016 ), (multi)receptor architecture (Amunts et al 2010 ), and/or multiplicity of them (Van Essen 2013 ; Glasser et al 2016 ), among others. Modality From postmortem to in vivo data (Lehmann et al 1991 ; Nowinski et al 2015a ; Dickie et al 2017 ; Oishi et al 2019 ); Integrating postmortem – in vivo data (Nowinski et al 1997b ; 2002b ; Yelnik et al 2007 ; Cho et al 2008 ; Amunts et al 2014 ); Increased teslage , from 1.5T (Tesla) (Hoehne 2001 ) to 3T (Nowinski et al 2009b ; Rohlfing et al 2010 ) to 7T (Cho et al 2008 ; Nowinski et al 2015a ; Saygin et al 2017 ; Huck et al 2019 ; Liu et al 2020 ) to 9.4T (Yushkevich et al 2009 ); From image to non-image data , transforming into brain atlases non-image data, such as stimulating electrode geometry (Nowinski et al 2003 ) and neurologic parameters (Nowinski et al 2014a ). Plurality Specimen-related : from a single specimen to population atlases for cerebral parts (such as the cerebellar nuclei (Dimitrova et al 2006 ), insula (Faillenot et al 2017 ), cortical structures (Shattuck et al 2008 ), and cerebral arteries (Dunås et al 2017 ) to the whole human brain (Mazziotta et al 1995 ; 2001 ; Thompson et al 2000 ); Variant-related : from a single variant to a collection of variants, for instance, the cerebrovascular variants (Nowinski et al 2009a ); M...…”