Tailored Surface Engineering of Pigments by Layer-by-Layer Coating

Abstract

We have evaluated the feasibility of layer-by-layer encapsulation technology for the improvement of dye pigments used for tattoos or permanent make-up. The formation of core-shell structures is possible by coating pigments with thin films of several different polyelectrolytes using this technology. The physicochemical surface properties, such as charge density and chemical functionality, can be reproducibly varied in a wide range. Tailoring the surface properties independently from the pigment core allows one to control the rheological behaviour of pigment suspensions, to prevent aggregation between different pigments, to reduce the cytotoxicity, and to influence the response of phagocytes in order to have similar or the same uptake and bioclearance for all pigments. These properties determine the durability and colour tone stability of tattoos and permanent make-up.

On the mechanism of painful burn sensation in tattoos on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Magnetic substances in tattoo inks used for permanent makeup (PMU) identified: Magnetite, goethite, and hematite

“…The zeta potential is influenced by pigment coatings commonly used in ink manufacturing independent of pigment class. 25 The zeta potential of iron oxides, carbon black, and most other pigments are measured negative. Differences between the potential of particles and the close surrounding create electrical fields, which under the influence of a powerful magnetic field might induce a sensory response.…”

“…Electrical properties of pigments, determining pigment aggregation ink stock products, are supposed to depend on the electrical potential of the particle surface, measured as the zeta. The zeta potential is influenced by pigment coatings commonly used in ink manufacturing independent of pigment class 25 . The zeta potential of iron oxides, carbon black, and most other pigments are measured negative.…”

An overview of the science and art of encapsulated pigments: Preparation, performance and application

“…An evaluation study on the feasibility of layer-by-layer encapsulation technology for the improvement of dye pigments used for tattoos or permanent make-up has been reported. 40 The layer-by-layer technique was used to prepare an encapsulated carbon black pigment with excellent thermal and freeze-thaw stability. 41 The colouristic properties and the dispersion of such encapsulated pigment were reported to have improved tremendously.…”

“…The driving force for layer‐by‐layer deposition is not essentially limited to electrostatic interaction, but also includes other forces such as hydrogen bonding and transition metal coordination complexes. An evaluation study on the feasibility of layer‐by‐layer encapsulation technology for the improvement of dye pigments used for tattoos or permanent make‐up has been reported 40 41 …”