“…However, in some cases, a transparency is convenient to provide some essential advantages (e.g., to enable direct viewing of living cells, their attachment, spreading, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation cascade in a transmitted light). Thus, transparent calcium orthophosphate bioceramics ( Figure 6 ) [ 414 ] have been prepared and investigated [ 87 , 108 , 201 , 203 , 317 , 319 , 320 , 321 , 414 , 415 , 416 , 417 , 418 , 419 , 420 , 421 , 422 , 423 , 424 ]. They can exhibit an optical transmittance of ~66% at a wavelength of 645 nm [ 423 ].…”