Taichi Softball as a Novel Chinese Health-Promoting Exercise for Physical Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Abstract

Background: Taichi softball was voted as one of the most popular healthpromoting exercises in the category of ball games, which is attributed to that Taichi softball is not only beneficial for lower extremity-related physical health (e.g., balance, leg strength, and flexibility), but can also develop manipulative skill and hand-eye coordination (eating, bathing, dressing, bathing required manipulative skills, grips movement and strength). However, the positive effects of Taichi softball on physical health have rarely been investigated. Therefore, the purpose of this systematic review was to evaluate the effect of Taichi softball on physical health. Methods: Five electronic databases were used to conduct literature searches. Two review authors independently extracted data in a standardized manner. The methodological quality of studies included was independently evaluated according to the Cochrane Collaboration's for Assessing Risk of Bias from the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Review Interventions. The standard mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI) using more conservative random effects model were calculated. Results: The sample size of 411 participants ranged from 32 to 150 in the RCTs, along with a wide age range from 18 to 75. The length of Taichi softball intervention periods in the eligible studies ranged from 12 weeks to 12 months. The participants in the studies consisted of healthy college students, patients with Type 2 diabetes, and older adults from community centers. Six randomized controlled trials were used for the meta-analysis. The aggregated results are in favor of Taichi softball on improving physical health in participants with healthy status and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. The improvement on the primary components of the physical health consisted of handgrip strength 16(SMD, −0.6, 95% CI −0.84 to 0.36, p < 0.00001), trunk flexibility (SMD, −0.4, 95% CI −0.74 to −0.05, p = 0.03), static (SMD, −0.73, 95% CI −0.94 to −0.51, p < 0.00001) and dynamic balance (SMD, −0.68, 95% CI −1.2 to −0.17, p = 0.009). Conclusions: Taichi softball appears to be beneficial for improving physical health (hand strength, physical balance, flexibility, aerobic endurance, resting heart rate, diastolic and systolic pressures) among healthy adults and patients with Type 2 Diabetes. However, because of the low methodological quality of assessment, ill-designed experimental designs, and small study size, a definite conclusion of Taichi softball improving physical health can be confirmed along with high-quality studies with long follow-up.

Effect of Taichi Softball on Function-Related Outcomes in Older Adults: A Randomized Control Trial

“…Participants from both groups were recruited from a senior living center; previous studies had shown that, without exercise, motor functions of older people would experience an age-related normal decline, which corresponds to our findings [34, 61]. For timing tests such as Moberg Pickup Test and Time Up and Go Test, we see a significant decrease in fine motor perception as well as a decrease in whole body movement speed.…”

“…As we know the control group maintained their normal lifestyles during the intervention period; however, within-group analysis showed that the control group had significant differences in assessment tests such as Spiral Drawing Test, Moberg Pickup Test, Arm Curl-Up Test, Back Scratch Test, Chair Stand Test, and Time Up and Go Test between baseline and after 7 weeks ( Table 2 ). Participants from both groups were recruited from a senior living center; previous studies had shown that, without exercise, motor functions of older people would experience an age-related normal decline, which corresponds to our findings [ 34 , 61 ]. For timing tests such as Moberg Pickup Test and Time Up and Go Test, we see a significant decrease in fine motor perception as well as a decrease in whole body movement speed.…”

The prevalence of abdominal obesity and the association with socioeconomic status in Regions of the Russian Federation, the results of the epidemiological study - ESSE-RF

“…Качество жизни у лиц с ожирением несравнимо хуже, чем у лиц с нормальной массой тела [9]. По данным исследований и метаанализов, избыточная масса тела и ожирение непосредственно связаны с высокой частотой сопутствующих заболеваний [10][11][12]. Статистически значимые ассоциации выявлены между ожирением и СД 2-го типа, всеми видами рака (кроме рака пищевода и предстательной железы), ССЗ, астмой, заболеваниями желчного пузыря и опорно-двигательного аппарата [11,13].…”

Intervention of Taichi Softball with Infrared Light Therapy for Chronic Shoulder Periarthritis

“…The softball racquet consists of a soft rubber rubber soft-faced frame and a handle made of lightweight material. The Tai Chi Softball [8] is a rubber ball weighing 53-55 grams and having no elasticity and 7 cm in diameter. Taichi Softball Division is divided into singles and doubles.…”