Tabassum Ruhi Khan, Beyond Hybridity and Fundamentalism: Emerging Muslim Identity in Globalized India

Negotiating class, religion, and residential segregation: Aspirations of Muslim middle‐class women in Delhi

“…Kiran's narrative resonates with Khan's (2015) research in Jamia Nagar where she discusses that Muslim women accorded high priority to their careers, which defies the stereotypical discussions of Muslim women as being guided only by their religion and 'traditional' choices, such as that around marriage. However, class also influences marriage norms, as evidenced by women in Khan's (2015) work who hailed from middle-and uppermiddle-class backgrounds. I found that women from lower or working-class backgrounds many of whom were OBCs, were married at a relatively early age or were expected to be married soon.…”

“…The agency of Muslim women in Jamia Nagar is further explored by other scholars. Khan (2015) suggests that the negotiation for economic independence among Muslim women in Jamia provides them with a space to contest patriarchal norms without directly challenging them, a phenomenon she terms as convoluted modernities.…”

“…Further Mahmood writes that ‘Agency in this form of analysis, is understood as the capacity to realize one's own interests against the weight of custom, tradition, transcendental will, or other obstacles….’ (Mahmood, 2001, p. 206). Understood this way, acts of resistance of women in Jamia Nagar become important, challenging the often‐held assumption that Muslim women lack agency (see Khan, 2015, for a dialog with this literature) and need saving (see Abu Lughod, 2002).…”

“…(Mahmood, 2001, p. 206). Understood this way, acts of resistance of women in Jamia Nagar become 10 of 19 -SALMAN important, challenging the often-held assumption that Muslim women lack agency (see Khan, 2015, for a dialog with this literature) and need saving (see Abu Lughod, 2002). Chambers (2020) contends that social networks have enabled Muslim migrant men from Saharanpur to navigate the disruptions and rupture caused by migration, fostering a feeling of continuity amidst change.…”

Aligning Identity, Faith, and Entrepreneurship: Experiences of Muslim Women Entrepreneurs in India

“…They argue that the negotiation of Islam, gender, and ethnicity that women engage in shape their identities at work. Among Indian Muslims, there is an increased consciousness and an attempt to safeguard their identity markers (Khan 2015). This embracing of religious identity by young Muslims should not be taken as a return to tradition or as a reverse to modernity, but should be understood in a way where they are asserting their agency to adopt modern ways of living which emanates from the Islamic ethics and practices and not from the Western world (Khan 2015).…”