“…Evidence of t-tubule plasticity is further supported by examinations of cardiac disease. A large number of studies have reported remodeling of t-tubules in left ventricular cardiomyocytes during heart failure with an array of etiologies, spanning myocardial infarction (Louch et al, 2006; Swift et al, 2008; Lyon et al, 2009; Biesmans et al, 2011; Chen et al, 2012; Wagner et al, 2012; Øyehaug et al, 2013; Frisk et al, 2016; Sanchez-Alonso et al, 2016; Figure 2B), aortic stenosis (Wei et al, 2010; Ibrahim et al, 2013; Pinali et al, 2013), tachycardia (He et al, 2001; Balijepalli et al, 2003), hypertension (Song et al, 2006; Singh et al, 2017), chronic ischemia (Heinzel et al, 2008), and diabetes (Stølen et al, 2009; Ward and Crossman, 2014). Despite the range of species and disease models employed in these studies, there is general agreement that overall t-tubule density is reduced, and commonly accompanied by a re-emergence of longitudinally-oriented tubules (Figures 1C, 2B).…”