T and B cells participate in bone repair by infiltrating the fracture callus in a two-wave fashion

Pre-operative nutritional serum parameters as predictors of failure after internal fixation in undisplaced intracapsular proximal femur fractures

“…Immune cells invade the fracture site immediately upon bone damage and contribute to the initial phase of the healing process by recruiting accessory cells to the injury site [35]. Similarly, lymphocytes were shown to have regulatory function on osteoblasts and osteoclasts specifically in the later stages of fracture healing [36]. Thus, a decline of immune function in these patients might predispose to altered fracture healing as indicated by a low lymphocyte count.…”

IL-12p40 impairs mesenchymal stem cell-mediated bone regeneration via CD4+ T cells

“…T cells have an important role in fracture healing process. 18,19 Intravenous infusion of pan T cells or CD4 + T cells blocks bone formation in nude mice. 13 IL-12 and IL-23 are proinflammatory cytokines of the IL-12 family that are secreted by dendritic cells and tissue-resident macrophages to facilitate T-cell differentiation.…”

Research in Fracture Healing and Its Clinical Applications in the Veterinary Practice

“…No cartilage remains; 28 days: remodeling phase. Histological samples stained with Movat Pentachrome: bone = yellow; bone marrow =purple; cartilage = blue-green, muscle = orange; connective tissue = light blue [2,4,6,15,[34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43]. Periost has been carefully elevated from the bone and was stained with hematoxylin eosin.…”