Systemic physiology and neuroapoptotic profiles in young and adult rats exposed to surgery: A randomized controlled study comprising four different anaesthetic techniques

Abstract

Combination of anaesthesia and surgery induces significant perturbations of physiological parameters in both young and adult spontaneously breathing rats undergoing surgery. These observations further enlighten the need for detailed physiological monitoring under these experimental conditions. Although some statistically significant differences in activated caspase-3 profiles were detected between experimental groups, the overall extent of neuronal cell death remained very low under all conditions questioning, thereby, the physiological significance of apoptotic neurodegeneration in the context of anaesthesia and surgery.

A systematic review and narrative synthesis on the histological and neurobehavioral long‐term effects of dexmedetomidine

“…Three of the four studies showed a decrease of injury . The other study did not show a decrease of injury caused by dexmedetomidine (3 μg/kg) with co‐administration of propofol 4 mg/kg or sevoflurane 4.0% …”

“…In preclinical studies, exposure to dexmedetomidine alone had contradictory effects on caspase‐3 activity by histologic examination; no differences with controls in six studies (total dexmedetomidine dose ranging from 3 to 300 μg/kg), more caspase‐3 activity in three other studies (total dexmedetomidine dose ranging from 30 to 250 μg/kg) . Coadministration of dexmedetomidine (total dexmedetomidine dose ranging from 3 to 525 μg/kg) decreased the negative histologic effect caused by other anesthetics in 13 studies but the effect was not found in three other studies . All six studies that report on adverse neurobehavioral outcome showed a decrease of injury when coadministration of dexmedetomidine (dose ranging from 3 to 525 μg/kg) with other anesthetics (isoflurane, sevoflurane, ketamine, or propofol) .…”

“…The total dose of dexmedetomidine per animal ranged from 2 to 525 µg/kg. In 17 studies, dexmedetomidine was administered in combination with another anesthetic agent, including ketamine (75 mg/kg intraperitoneal or intravenous infusion at 20 to 50 mg/kg/h for a period of 12 hours), 14,17,18 propofol (intraperitoneal 30 mg/kg/d for a period of 7 days to 100 mg/kg and 1.2 mg/kg/min as continuous infusion for 6 hours), [19][20][21][22] and inhalation anesthetic (isoflurane 0.75%-2.0%, sevoflurane 2.5%-4% up to 6 hours). 15,16,[22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31] In total, 18 studies published information about histopathological outcome and seven studies published information about ; Table 3).…”

“…25 Four studies studied the decrease of injury by dexmedetomidine after injury caused by administration of propofol at a total dose ranging from 4 to 100 mg/kg/d. [19][20][21][22] Total dexmedetomidine dose ranged from 3 to 525 μg/kg. Three of the four studies showed a decrease of injury.…”

“…[19][20][21] The other study did not show a decrease of injury caused by dexmedetomidine (3 μg/kg) with co-administration of propofol 4 mg/kg or sevoflurane 4.0%. 22 Two studies studied the decrease of injury by dexmedetomidine after injury caused by ketamine administration. 17,18 One showed a decrease of injury (dexmedetomidine dose 75 μg/kg, ketamine dose 75 mg/kg) caused by dexmedetomidine, 17 whereas the other study (dexmedetomidine dose max.…”