“…To begin, as I discuss in Chapter 3, there is a tendency amongst many criminologists to use the concepts of gender and sex interchangeably (Dolliver & Rocker, 2018;Valcore & Pfeffer, 2018). This approach fails to appreciate the work of social constructionists, who are careful to distinguish 'sex' as a biological category from 'gender' as a performance that is socially created and determined through interaction (Cops & Pleysier, 2011;Valcore & Pfeffer, 2018). In response to calls for more criminological researchers to move beyond a normative view of gender and advance how this concept is measured so that it better aligns with more modern conceptualisations of gender as a non-binary and multifaceted construct (Miller & Carbone-Lopez, 2015;Valcore & Pfeffer, 2018), this study adopts a social constructionist view of gender as a type of performance that embodies masculine or feminine ideals, but that may vary across situational contexts and structural positions (West & Zimmerman, 1987).…”