Systemic acquired resistance: available information and open ecological questions

Heil, Martin

doi:10.1046/j.1365-2745.1999.00359.x

Cited by 49 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 80 publications

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“…According to Heil (1999), there are a few published studies that attempt to quantify the cost of resistance against pathogens and their results do not allow any generalisation about the possible cost of SAR. Vallad and Goodman (2004) reviewed the benefits and drawbacks of the use of chemical inducers, and compared these with the use of standard pesticides.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

BABA effects on the behaviour of potato cultivars infected by Phytophthora infestans and Fusarium solani

et al. 2008

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Since most plants possess resistance mechanisms which can be induced upon pre-treatment with a variety of chemical compounds, the use of β-aminobutyric acid (BABA) as a defence inducer without reported toxic effect on the environment was studied. The aim of this work was to analyse the effectiveness of BABA to induce resistance against Phytophthora infestans and Fusarium solani in potato cultivars differing in their level of resistance to late blight. The behaviour of some components of biochemical mechanisms by which BABA increases resistance against P. infestans, as well as the effect of BABA on the activity of a potential pathogenic factor of F. solani, were studied. Plants with four applications of BABA throughout the crop cycle produced tubers more resistant to P. infestans and F. solani than non-treated plants. In addition, tuber slices from treated plants, inoculated with P. infestans, showed an increase in phenol and phytoalexin content. The aspartyl protease StAP1 accumulation was also higher in tubers obtained from treated plants and inoculated with P. infestans. This result was observed only in the more resistant potato cv. Pampeana, early after infection. In the potato-F. solani interaction, infected tubers coming from BABA-treated plants showed minor fungal proteolytic activity than infected, nontreated ones. For potato cvs Pampeana and Bintje, the BABA treatment improved the yield of harvested tubers. The number of tubers per plant and total weight of harvested tubers was greater for those obtained from treated plants with two early or four applications of BABA. The results show that the BABA treatment increases the resistance of potatoes but the degree of increase depends on the original level of resistance present in each cultivar.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

BABA effects on the behaviour of potato cultivars infected by Phytophthora infestans and Fusarium solani

et al. 2008

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“…Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is an induced resistance that has been found (with some variation) in all angiosperms tested (Heil 1999). SAR has been shown to have significant fitness costs in a variety of environmental conditions .…”

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confidence: 99%

Fitness Benefits of Systemic Acquired Resistance During Hyaloperonospora parasitica Infection in Arabidopsis thaliana

Heidel

Dong

2006

Genetics

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We investigated the fitness benefits of systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in Arabidopsis thaliana using a mutational and transformational genetic approach. Genetic lines were designed to differ in the genes determining resistance signaling in a common genetic background. Two mutant lines (cpr1 and cpr5) constitutively activate SAR at different points in SAR signaling, and one mutant line (npr1) has impaired SAR. The transgenic line (NPR1-H) has enhanced resistance when SAR is activated, but SAR is still inducible similarly to wild type. The fitness benefits were also investigated under two nutrient levels to test theories that preventing pathogen damage and realized resistance benefits may be affected by nutrient availability. Under low-nutrient conditions and treatment with the pathogenic oomycete, Hyaloperonospora parasitica, wild type had a higher fitness than the mutant that could not activate SAR, demonstrating that normal inducible SAR is beneficial in these conditions; this result, however, was not found under highnutrient conditions. The mutants with constitutive SAR all failed to show a fitness benefit in comparison to wild type under a H. parasitica pathogen treatment, suggesting that SAR is induced to prevent an excessive fitness cost.

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“…(Heil 1999). The present data give first hints on the answer: many of the plant species investigated exhibited constitutive activities of resistance-related enzymes that were much higher than usually seen in control plants.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 57%

Induced resistance enzymes in wild plants–do ‘early birds’ escape from pathogen attack?

Heil

Ploss

2006

Naturwissenschaften

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Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) of plants to pathogens is a well-defined phenomenon. The underlying signalling pathways and its application in crop protection are intensively studied. However, most studies are conducted on crop plants or on Arabidopsis as a model plant. The taxonomic distribution of this phenomenon and its dependence on life history are thus largely unknown. We quantified activities of three classes of resistance-related enzymes in 18 plant species to investigate whether plants with varying life histories differ in their investment in disease resistance. Enzyme activities were quantified in untreated plants, and in plants induced with BION, a chemical resistance elicitor. All species showed constitutive activities of chitinase, peroxidase, or glucanase. However, constitutive chitinase activities varied by 30 times, and peroxidase by 50 times, among species. Several species did not respond to the induction treatment, while enzyme activities in other species increased more than threefold after BION application. Plant species differ dramatically in the presence and inducibility of resistance enzymes. This variation could be related to life history: While all resistance enzymes were significantly induced in larger perennial plants that flower during summer, spring geophytes hardly showed inducible resistance. These plants grow in an environment that is characterised by a low-pathogen pressure, and thus may simply 'escape' from infection. Our study presents the first comparative data set on resistance-related enzymes in noncultivated plants. The current view on SAR-narrowed by the concentration on cultivated crops-is not sufficient to understand the ecological and evolutionary relevance of this widespread plant trait.

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Systemic acquired resistance: available information and open ecological questions

Cited by 49 publications

References 80 publications

BABA effects on the behaviour of potato cultivars infected by Phytophthora infestans and Fusarium solani

BABA effects on the behaviour of potato cultivars infected by Phytophthora infestans and Fusarium solani

Fitness Benefits of Systemic Acquired Resistance During Hyaloperonospora parasitica Infection in Arabidopsis thaliana

Induced resistance enzymes in wild plants–do ‘early birds’ escape from pathogen attack?

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