Systematization, Description, and Territory of the Caudal Cerebral Artery in Surface of the Brain of the Ostrich (Struthio camelus)

Abstract

Brain specimens from 30 ostriches were injected with red-dyed latex via the internal carotid arteries, and the caudal cerebral arteries and their branches were systematically described. On the right side, the caudal cerebral artery was double-, triple-, quadruple-, and single-branched in 73.5%, 23.3%, 3.3%, and 3.3% of cases, respectively; on the left side, it was double-, triple-, quadruple-, and single-branched in 76.7%, 20%, 3.3%, and 3.3% of cases, respectively. The dorsal tectal mesencephalic artery appeared as a single vessel in 96.7% of cases, emerging as a collateral branch of the caudal cerebral artery. The dorsal mesencephalic tectal artery originated from the right dorsal cerebellar artery in 40% of cases and from the left side in 63.3% of cases. On the right side, there were four and three medial occipital hemispheric branches in 46.7% and 20% of cases, respectively; on the left side, there were four and three branches in 30% and 26.7% of cases. On the right side, the pineal artery was double-, single-, triple-, and quadruplebranched in 50%, 23.3%, 20%, and 6.7% of cases, respectively; on the left side, this artery was double-, single-, triple-, and quadruple-branched in 50%, 23.3%, 16.7%, and 10% of cases, respectively. The diencephalic artery was on the right side in 43.3% of cases and on the left side in 56.7% of cases. The interhemispheric artery was on the right side in 56.7% of cases and on the left side in 43.3% of cases; four, three, two, five, and one dorsal hemispheric trunks branched off of the interhemispheric artery in 40%, 40%, 10%, 6.7%, and 26.7% of cases, respectively. The caudal cerebral artery was classified as Type I in 56.7% of cases (subtype IA in 33.3% of cases and IB in 23.3% of cases), Type II in 40% of cases (subtype IIA in 20% of cases and IIB in 20% of cases), and Type III in 3.3% of cases. Anat Rec, 297:1523Rec, 297: -1531

Systematization, description, and territory of arteries that promote vascularization of the midbrain and rhombencephalon in the ostrich (Struthio camelus)

“…No significant differences in hindbrain vascularization pattern were found between males and females, similarly to Nazer and Campos (2014) regarding the caudal cerebral artery and to Nazer et al (2018) regarding the middle cerebral, cerebroethmoidal, and rostral cerebral arteries.…”

“…The present study will describe the systematization and territory of the ventral tectal mesencephalic and basilar arteries on the surface of the brain of the common ostrich, Struthio camelus, a bird from the Struthionidae family, native to Africa. Although cerebral vascularization has already been studied in other birds by some researchers, and we have already systematized the Prosencephalon (Nazer & Campos, 2014;Nazer, Campos, & Voll, 2018), the pattern, variations, distribution, and behavior of arteries that irrigate the Midbrain and Rhombencephalon of the ostrich remain unknown. Thus, considering the lack of data, both in the general literature and in field-specific articles, our findings will be compared with those of authors who studied cerebral vascularization in other birds, such as Crowe and Crowe (1979) in Numida meleagris, Midtgard (1984) in Larus argentatus, Campos (1987Campos ( , 1990 and Campos, Ferreira, and ACH (1995) in Gallus gallus, Holliday, Ridgely, Balanoff, and Witmer (2006) in Phoenicopterus ruber, and Carvalho and Campos (2011) in Meleagris gallopavo, among others; corroborating future studies in the vascular area and providing support to enable an evolutionary understanding of the cerebral arterial vascular pattern in birds in future studies focusing on this perspective.…”

Systematization, Description, and Territory of the Middle Cerebral, Rostral, and Cerebroethmoidal Arteries on the Surface of the Brain of the Ostrich (Struthio camelus)

“…No significant differences were found in the pattern of vascularization of the middle cerebral artery in males and females, which was also not evidenced by Nazer and Campos () in relation to the caudal cerebral artery.…”

Systematization and Description of Arterial Vascularization of the Paleopallia Area on the Brain Surface of Chinchilla (Chinchilla lanigera)

“…Alguns estudos clássicos [14,23] mostram uma grande diversidade dos modelos vasculares associados ao desenvolvimento filogenético do encéfalo desde peixes passando por anfíbios, répteis, aves até chegar à grande classe dos mamíferos. Outros estudos mais recentes [1,4,8,[10][11][12]16,[18][19][20][21][22]24] descreveram a irrigação encefálica de várias espécies, mas somente na nútria, coelho, graxaim do campo e javali foi descrita a vascularização do páleo-palio. Segundo Beccari [9] o páleo-palio reveste trígono olfatório, tubérculo olfatório, fossa lateral do cérebro e lobo piriforme, com quatro à cinco camadas de neurônios, exclusivamente olfativos.…”