Systematization, Description, and Territory of the Middle Cerebral, Rostral, and Cerebroethmoidal Arteries on the Surface of the Brain of the Ostrich (Struthio camelus)

Abstract

Thirty ostrich specimens were injected with red‐dyed latex via the internal carotid arteries (Aa.) The middle cerebral and cerebroethmoidal arteries and their branches were systematized. The middle cerebral artery (a.) was always a single large vessel. On the right side, it had two, three, or one developed medial hemispheric branches in 46.6%, 26.7%, and 26.7% of cases, respectively. On the left side, one (36.7%), two (33.3%), and three (30%) developed medial hemispheric branches were observed. The middle cerebral artery had eight (40%), nine (20%), seven (16.7%), eleven (6.7%) ten (6.7%), twelve (3.3%), six (3.3%), and five (3.3%) developed lateral hemispheric branches on the right side and seven (46.7%), nine (13.3%), eight (13.3%), six (10%), five (10%), and ten (6.7%) on the left. Two (33.3%), four (20%), three (20%), one (16.7%), and five (10%) direct perforating branches of the middle cerebral artery were present on the right, and three (33.3%), two (30%), one (13.4%), six (10%), four (10%), and five (3.3%) were present on the left. The cerebroethmoidal artery, always present as a natural continuation of the rostral terminal branch of the brain's carotid artery and originating from the middle cerebral artery, was a large vessel that projected rostromedially, giving off the rostral cerebral artery shortly after its formation and continuing as the ethmoidal artery. The rostral cerebral artery was a single (90%) and double (10%) vessel on the right and a single (96.7%) and double vessel (3.3%) on the left. The ethmoidal artery was always a medium to large single vessel and was the natural continuation of the cerebroethmoidal artery, immediately after giving off the rostral cerebral artery. Anat Rec, 302:1187–1194, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Morphological and Histochemical Description of Quail Feather Development

“…Different avian species have been used in research, including chicken, turkey, and ostrich (Feo et al, 2018;Nazer et al, 2018;Taylor et al, 2019). However, quail is used as an advantageous model in laboratory studies that occupies a prominent position in the field of biological research (Ainsworth et al, 2010).…”

Systematization, description, and territory of arteries that promote vascularization of the midbrain and rhombencephalon in the ostrich (Struthio camelus)

“…No significant differences in hindbrain vascularization pattern were found between males and females, similarly to Nazer and Campos (2014) regarding the caudal cerebral artery and to Nazer et al (2018) regarding the middle cerebral, cerebroethmoidal, and rostral cerebral arteries.…”

“…The present study will describe the systematization and territory of the ventral tectal mesencephalic and basilar arteries on the surface of the brain of the common ostrich, Struthio camelus, a bird from the Struthionidae family, native to Africa. Although cerebral vascularization has already been studied in other birds by some researchers, and we have already systematized the Prosencephalon (Nazer & Campos, 2014;Nazer, Campos, & Voll, 2018), the pattern, variations, distribution, and behavior of arteries that irrigate the Midbrain and Rhombencephalon of the ostrich remain unknown. Thus, considering the lack of data, both in the general literature and in field-specific articles, our findings will be compared with those of authors who studied cerebral vascularization in other birds, such as Crowe and Crowe (1979) in Numida meleagris, Midtgard (1984) in Larus argentatus, Campos (1987Campos ( , 1990 and Campos, Ferreira, and ACH (1995) in Gallus gallus, Holliday, Ridgely, Balanoff, and Witmer (2006) in Phoenicopterus ruber, and Carvalho and Campos (2011) in Meleagris gallopavo, among others; corroborating future studies in the vascular area and providing support to enable an evolutionary understanding of the cerebral arterial vascular pattern in birds in future studies focusing on this perspective.…”