Systematic Surveillance and Meta-Analysis of Antimicrobial Resistance and Food Sources from China and the USA

Abstract

Since the discovery of antibiotics in the 20th century, they have been used to fight against infections. The overuse of antibiotics in the wider environment has resulted in the emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria. In developing countries such as China and developed countries such as the USA, there is evidence of the high pervasiveness of antibiotic-resistant infections. However, the studies on the spread of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms that inform about the consequences are limited. The aim of our study was to analyze and compare antimicrobial resistance (AMR) identified in published research papers from that found in different food sources, which were published between 2012 and December 2021, covering most retail food items. Out of 132 research papers identified, 26 papers have met our strict criteria and are included in the qualitative and quantitative analysis. The selected papers led to 13,018 food samples, out of which 5000 samples were contaminated, including 2276 and 2724 samples from China and the USA, respectively. Meat, aquatic products, milk, and eggs show high to medium potential for AMR exposure to Gram-positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus, Enterococci, etc. and Gram-negative foodborne pathogens such as Campylobacter, Salmonella, Vibrio, etc. Most of the food samples show antibiotic resistance to β-lactams, tetracycline, quinolones, and aminoglycosides. Retail food products such as meat, sea food, and some other food products, as well as AMR genetics and technically important bacteria, are proposed to be better merged with mitigation strategies and systematic One Health AMR surveillance to minimize the knowledge gaps and facilitate comprehensive AMR risk computation for the consumers.

An Alternative Approach Using Nano-garlic Emulsion and its Synergy with Antibiotics for Controlling Biofilm-Producing Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella in Chicken

“…Antibiotic resistance can develop as a result of excessive antibiotic usage [ 3 , 42 , 43 ]. In this study, the antimicrobial resistance profile among Salmonella isolates was nearly similar to those recorded in Egypt [ 6 ], China [ 44 ], and Bangladesh [ 31 ].…”

A New Therapeutic Approach Utilizes Probiotics, Prebiotics, Synbiotics, Postbiotics, and Gut Microbiota

“…Uptaking prebiotics can improve immunity functions by increasing the population of protective microorganisms. Animal and human studies have shown that prebiotics can decrease the population of harmful bacteria by Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria [44].…”

Nanobiotics and the One Health Approach: Boosting the Fight against Antimicrobial Resistance at the Nanoscale

“…Antibiotics work on bacteria by interfering with crucial survival processes such as cell wall formation and suppressing the creation of important proteins, DNA, and RNA. Bacteria, on the other hand, have the inherent ability (developed from millennia of competition) to adapt rapidly through mutations and DNA transfer (through horizontal gene transfer) and it can also arise through diverse mechanisms [ 31 ], such as mutations in acquired genes, modifications leading to impermeable antimicrobial targets, enzymatic degradation or hydrolysis, and bacteria living in biofilms [ 32 ]. In addition bacterial biofilms and intracellular bacteria also contribute greatly to AMR due to drug delivery barriers, preventing the entry of drugs, expelling drugs through active efflux, mutating drug targets, and enzymatically inactivating drug function [ 33 , 34 ] to counter the threat posed by these antimicrobials.…”