Systematic review on e-cigarette and its effects on weight gain and adipocytes

Abstract

Smoking and obesity are leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. E-cigarette which was first introduced in 2000s is perceived as an effective alternative to conventional tobacco smoking. Limited knowledge is available regarding the risks and benefits of e-cigarettes. This study systematically reviews the current literature on the effects of e-cigarettes on body weight changes and adipocytes. The search was performed using OVID Medline and Scopus databases and studies meeting the inclusion criteria were independently assessed. This review included all English language, empirical quantitative and qualitative papers that investigated the effects of e-cigarettes on bodyweight or lipid accumulation or adipocytes. Literature searches identified 4965 references. After removing duplicates and screening for eligibility, thirteen references which involve human, in vivo and in vitro studies were reviewed and appraised. High prevalence of e-cigarette was reported in majority of the cross sectional studies conducted among respondent who are obese or overweight. More conclusive findings were identified in in vivo studies with e-cigarette causing weight decrease. However, these observations were not supported by in vitro data. Hence, the effect of e-cigarette on body weight changes warrants further investigations. Well-designed population and molecular studies are needed to further elucidate the role of e-cigarettes in obesity.

Effects of Short‐term Electronic(e)‐Cigarette Aerosol Exposure in the Mouse Larynx

“…[33][34][35] Most clinical studies show that human e-cigarette use is associated with obesity or the intention to lose or control weight. [36][37][38] However, the exact implications of e-cigarette use on body weight remain to be well-elucidated, specifically in the long term. The variations in human e-cigarette use, puffing patterns, dual usage with traditional cigarettes, type/generation of e-cigarette device used, and e-cigarette ingredients like with or without nicotine or flavorings make it further challenging to deduce the effects of e-cigarettes on body weight precisely.…”

“…Currently, few reports in mice models show a decline in mice body weight ranging between shorter (14 days) and longer (12 weeks) exposures 33–35 . Most clinical studies show that human e‐cigarette use is associated with obesity or the intention to lose or control weight 36–38 . However, the exact implications of e‐cigarette use on body weight remain to be well‐elucidated, specifically in the long term.…”

Hepatic steatosis induced by nicotine plus Coca-Cola™ is prevented by nicotinamide riboside (NR)

“…Even with this high calorie intake in Coke groups, they don’t increase the body weight which is supported by the weight loss effect of Nic as our group published previously ( 88 ). It’s widely known of the paradoxical effect of Nic that leads to metabolic diseases in spite of weight reduction ( 36 , 89 , 90 ), and it has been suggested that Nic increased fat metabolism avoiding weight gain ( 91 ). Importantly, non-overweight patients consuming fructose still develop NAFLD ( 92 ); thus redistribution of adipose tissue likely plays a key role in the development of NAFLD.…”

Effects of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems Substitution on Body Weight Status: Protocol for a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

“…Recent reviews assert that there is insufficient evidence to draw definitive conclusions on the impact of ENDS on weight control in people who have ceased or reduced conventional smoking. The systematic review of Hod et al [ 16 ] of human and in vitro studies concluded that ENDS use is prevalent among the obese, although the authors state that causality cannot be determined due to the cross-sectional design of human studies. Moreover, the data are conflicting, with in vivo studies suggesting weight loss effects, but in vitro studies do not support this claim Thus, the authors underlined the need for further investigation to determine the impact of ENDS on weight control [ 16 ].…”

“…The systematic review of Hod et al [ 16 ] of human and in vitro studies concluded that ENDS use is prevalent among the obese, although the authors state that causality cannot be determined due to the cross-sectional design of human studies. Moreover, the data are conflicting, with in vivo studies suggesting weight loss effects, but in vitro studies do not support this claim Thus, the authors underlined the need for further investigation to determine the impact of ENDS on weight control [ 16 ]. Another review by Hartmann-Boyce et al [ 17 ] found 2 ENDS studies, 1 involving ENDS as an adjunct to nicotine replacement therapy and the other comparing them to varenicline, both with wide CIs at all measurement time points.…”