Systematic Review of Factors Influencing Smoking Following Release From Smoke-Free Prisons

Puljević, Cheneal; Segan, Catherine

doi:10.1093/ntr/nty088

Cited by 22 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 75 publications

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“…Moreover, resumption after release from a smoke-free prison appears to be very high in the few studies reporting on this topic. 41 70 72–75 For instance, according to one systematic review, 76 >60% of former smokers relapsed on the first day after release, and almost all resumed smoking within 6 months of release. Despite this high rate of relapse another systematic review, 77 based on many of the same studies, commented that the rate of relapse varied too much to draw any clear conclusions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of incarceration on cardiovascular disease risk factors: a systematic review and meta-regression on weight and BMI change

et al. 2020

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ObjectiveCardiovascular disease is an underappreciated issue in prison medicine. Recent studies have revealed a higher prevalence of cardiovascular disease risk factors (CVDRFs) among individuals in prison, but the impact of incarceration on CVDRFs over time is not well understood. This review aimed to assess available literature and quantify the relationship between incarceration and trends in major CVDRFs in high-income countries.DesignSystematic review following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement. Meta-regression on weight change and obesity.Data sourcesMedline, Embase, PubMed, Cochrane Central Wiley and Web of Science.Eligibility criteria for selecting studiesLongitudinal studies reporting on the incidence of, or trends in any CVDRF among current or former people in prison over time, in high-income countries.Data extraction and synthesisTwo authors independently screened articles for eligibility, extracted data and assessed quality using an adapted version of the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Trends in CVDRFs during and following incarceration were summarised and in those with sufficient data a meta-regression was performed.ResultsTwenty-six articles were identified. CVDRFs assessed included obesity, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidaemia, tobacco use, physical inactivity and unhealthy diet. A meta-regression on change in weight during incarceration found a mean increase of 5.3 kg (95% CI 0.5 to 10.1) and change in body mass index of 1.8 kg/m2 (95% CI −0.9 to 4.6) at 2 years. Weight gain appeared most pronounced right after entering prison and then plateaued at 2 years. Concerning hypertension, the results were inconclusive, despite a trend towards rising blood pressure or prevalence of hypertension during incarceration, and an increased incidence of hypertension following incarceration. Results are contradictory or inconclusive for the other CVDRFs reviewed.ConclusionPossible explanations for the association between incarceration and weight include a sedentary lifestyle, unhealthy diet, forced smoking cessation, psychotropic medication use and high levels of stress. Incarceration may be an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of incarceration on cardiovascular disease risk factors: a systematic review and meta-regression on weight and BMI change

et al. 2020

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“…Forced abstinence in a growing number of jails and prisons that have adopted tobacco-free policies 41 confers health benefits for some people while in custody 10 , 42 but such bans are inconsistently enforced, meaning that many continue to smoke while incarcerated, 41 and have otherwise been shown to accomplish little in preventing high rates of smoking relapse following release from custody. 18 , 22 Such findings further support the need for integrated treatment approaches to smoking cessation for those managing co-occurring mental illness and/or SUD following return to the community, 39 particularly because criminal justice involvement may represent rare or even first-time access to smoking cessation for many who are incarcerated 43 and evidence has shown that appropriate interventions in incarcerated settings are effective. For example, one study found that a behavioral intervention combining elements of motivational interviewing with cognitive-behavioral therapy significantly improves the likelihood of continued cessation post-release 44 and another showed more moderate success with an intervention combining pharmacotherapy with brief in-custody counseling.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 76%

“…These may include high rates of mental illness, drug abuse, and problem alcohol use, each of which suggest a need for integrated treatment approaches to smoking cessation that account for mental health and SUD treatment needs, for example, combining pharmacotherapy and engagement in regular cognitive-behavioral therapy over a sustained period of time (eg, 7-10 weeks). [37][38][39] The use of integrated treatment approaches in addition to intensive tobacco dependence interventions in this population is further supported by the fact that nearly half of smokers in this study said they had used cessation resources like counseling and the nicotine patch or gum unsuccessfully in the past.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

Smoking and Smoking Cessation Among Criminal Justice–Involved Older Adults

et al. 2019

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Background:In jails and prisons worldwide, older adults are among the fastest growing demographic groups. Criminal justice–involved populations smoke tobacco at high rates. Older adults are also disproportionate smokers and have more difficulty quitting smoking than other age groups. Yet, little is known about tobacco use or knowledge and attitudes toward smoking cessation among the growing population of incarcerated older adults.Methods:A descriptive, cross-sectional survey study of 102 adults aged 55 years or older recently incarcerated in an urban jail using items from the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS).Results:More than 70% of participants reported being current smokers despite strong knowledge (95%) of the connection between smoking and serious illness. More than half of current smokers reported a past failed quit attempt (62%) and/or said they would like to quit (60%).Conclusions:High rates of tobacco use in this population suggest that correctional institutions represent a critical site for the delivery of appropriate smoking cessation interventions to older adults, including integrated treatment approaches for those with co-occurring behavioral health diagnoses.

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“…However, the findings suggest non-compliance with smokefree rules and relapse to smoking following liberation may potentially constrain longer-term health benefits ( de Andrade and Kinner, 2016 ). For this reason, several commenters have advocated for smokefree prison policy to be accompanied by evidence-based cessation interventions which seek to strengthen smokers’ readiness to change and support individuals to sustain abstinence in prison and beyond ( Butler et al , 2007 ; Puljevic and Segan, 2018 ; Ritter, 2014 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perspectives on smokefree prison policy among people in custody in Scotland

Brown

Eadie

Purves

et al. 2020

IJPH

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Purpose This paper aims to explore smokefree prison policy, from the perspective of people in custody in Scotland. Design/methodology/approach In total, 77 people in custody in Scotland were interviewed in the period leading up to implementation of a nationwide prison smokefree policy. Data were thematically analysed to identify the diversity of views and experiences. Findings Participants described a widespread awareness in prisons of plans to implement a smokefree policy from 30 November 2018. Opinions about smokefree prisons varied among participants based on perceptions of the fairness, and anticipated positive and negative consequences of removing tobacco from prisons. At the time of the interviews, people in custody were responding to the impending smokefree policy, either by proactively preparing for the smokefree rule change or by deploying avoidance strategies. Participants described opportunities and challenges for implementing smokefree policy in prisons across three main themes: the role of smoking in prison, prison smoking cessation services and motivations for quitting smoking among people in custody. Originality/value This study exploring smokefree prisons from the perspectives of people in custody has several novel features which extend the evidence base. The findings highlight measures for jurisdictions to consider when planning to prohibit smoking in their prisons in the future. These include the need for evidence-based smoking cessation support in advance of smokefree policy, effective communication campaigns, consideration of broader structural determinants of health in prison and ongoing measures to reduce rates of return to smoking post release.

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Systematic Review of Factors Influencing Smoking Following Release From Smoke-Free Prisons

Abstract: Interventions designed to help people remain abstinent from tobacco following release from smoke-free prisons are an important opportunity to improve the health, finances and well-being of this vulnerable population.

Cited by 22 publications

References 75 publications

Impact of incarceration on cardiovascular disease risk factors: a systematic review and meta-regression on weight and BMI change

Impact of incarceration on cardiovascular disease risk factors: a systematic review and meta-regression on weight and BMI change

Smoking and Smoking Cessation Among Criminal Justice–Involved Older Adults

Perspectives on smokefree prison policy among people in custody in Scotland

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