Systematic approach for draw solute selection and optimal system design for forward osmosis desalination

Recent advancements in forward osmosis desalination: A review

“…This statement is supported by [92]. Kim et al [92] reported that when NaCl concentration in the draw solution increased, stronger driving forces for both water permeation and reverse solute diffusion caused permeate water and reverse draw solute fluxes to increase. Shibuya et al reported that the reverse diffusion of permeate water and salt leakage leads to ICP in the porous support layer of commercial membranes [93].…”

“…For NaCl draw solutes, reverse solute diffusion can be worsened when the concentration of NaCl is increased [90]. This statement is supported by [92]. Kim et al [92] reported that when NaCl concentration in the draw solution increased, stronger driving forces for both water permeation and reverse solute diffusion caused permeate water and reverse draw solute fluxes to increase.…”

Model thin film composite membranes for forward osmosis: Demonstrating the inaccuracy of existing structural parameter models

“…FO relies on water being driven across a selective membrane as a result of osmotic pressure gradients between two solutions, the saline feed and a draw solution with a relatively higher solute concentration. While work in FO has caused a recent flurry of research in systems [11,12] and draw solution design [11][12][13] much of the recent published work has been centered on membrane design. Many of these efforts have been inspired by the thin film composite (TFC) structure widely used in reverse osmosis (RO).…”

Performance analysis of forward osmosis processes from the integral equation theory

“…In addition to desalination, FO can be applied to concentrating sugar solutions [3] and dewatering of orange peel press liquor [4]. Important issues in FO application include development of FO membranes of higher permeability [5][6][7], design of flat-sheet or hollow fiber modules, and high-performance draw solutes of high osmotic pressure and economic-regeneration/reconcentration [8][9][10][11][12][13]. For long-term operations, mitigation and prevention of FO membrane fouling must be another essential factor to minimize flux decline [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21].…”