System Design of Fast Pet Scanners Utilizing Time-of-Flight

Mullani, Nizar A.; Ficke, David C.; Hartz, Ross K.; Markham, Joanne; Wong, Gary

doi:10.1109/tns.1981.4331148

Cited by 40 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Time of flight PET (ToF-PET) is an advance over traditional PET that exploits the time difference Δt in detection of the two photon events and correlates it to the position Δx of the annihilation point with respect to the center of the field of view (FoV) according to the formula (Figure 2) [2]:

Δ x = \frac{c Δ t}{2}

Even though the concept of ToF PET and its implementation in PET system designs started in the early 1980’s [3], the development of new fast scintillation materials and the rapid advances in photo-detection technology have recently led to increased interest in the development of novel ToF-PET detector designs as well as to commercialization of the first ToF-PET clinical systems (Section 3).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photo-Detectors for Time of Flight Positron Emission Tomography (ToF-PET)

Spanoudaki

Levin

2010

Sensors

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We present the most recent advances in photo-detector design employed in time of flight positron emission tomography (ToF-PET). PET is a molecular imaging modality that collects pairs of coincident (temporally correlated) annihilation photons emitted from the patient body. The annihilation photon detector typically comprises a scintillation crystal coupled to a fast photo-detector. ToF information provides better localization of the annihilation event along the line formed by each detector pair, resulting in an overall improvement in signal to noise ratio (SNR) of the reconstructed image. Apart from the demand for high luminosity and fast decay time of the scintillation crystal, proper design and selection of the photo-detector and methods for arrival time pick-off are a prerequisite for achieving excellent time resolution required for ToF-PET. We review the two types of photo-detectors used in ToF-PET: photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) and silicon photo-multipliers (SiPMs) with a special focus on SiPMs.

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Δ x = \frac{c Δ t}{2}

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photo-Detectors for Time of Flight Positron Emission Tomography (ToF-PET)

Spanoudaki

Levin

2010

Sensors

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“…It prompts also a development of better PMTs, which will assure the ultimate time resolution with new heavy crystals to be below 500 ps for the future TOF PET scanners, recognized as a limit for TOF PET [1]. The first TOF PETs [4,5] proposed in the early 1980s were not successful because of a low stopping power of BaF 2 crystals for annihilation quanta. LSO in this respect is very promising [1].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

New Photonis XP20D0 photomultiplier for fast timing in nuclear medicine

Moszyński

Gierlik

Kapusta

et al. 2006

Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A:

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“…During the 1980s different PET systems with TOF information were developed [2][3][4]. The scintillators (primarily BaF 2 ) had low stopping power and low light.…”

Section: Tof-pet Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%